问题 问答题 简答题

简述世界各国缩减政府机构的政策工具和途径。

答案

参考答案:

纵观世界机构改革的实践,可以看出,各国缩减政府机构的政策工具和途径主要有:

1、得新审视政府职能定位,缩小政府的职能范围,如英国撒切尔政府改革着眼于政府与社会的关系,目的是通过卸载实现政府从社会的全面撤退和重归小政府模式。

2、压缩社会福利项目,放松对企业的规则,通过合同出租将部分公共物品和公共服务的提供权向私营公司和非常利益组织等机构转让,缩小政府直接干预和生产公共物品的范围以达到政府机构瘦身的目的。

3、行政机构分权化改革。

4、行政机构设置的社会化,主要是机关后勤部门的社会化,以及将政府的一部分职能和行政工作交由社会组织管理或政府同社会组织一同管理,使政府机构达到精简的目的。

5、公共机构的非国有化,将原来的一部分行政机构转移出政府机构的序列。

单项选择题
问答题

Part 1


·Read the following passages, eight sentences have been removed from the article.
·Choose.from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap.
·For each gap (1-8) mark one letter (A-H) on the Answer Sheet.
·Do not mark any letter twice.
Today’s career assumptions are you can get a lot of development, challenge and job satisfaction and not necessarily be in a management role.
A new malady is running rampantly in corporate America: management phobia. (1)
" I hated all the meetings," says a 10-year award-winning manager, "and I found the more you did for people who worked for you, the more they expected." (2)
With technology changing in a wink, you can never slack off these days if you’re on the technical side. (3)
In addition, the Dilbert factor is at work. With Scott Adams’s popular cartoon character— as well as many television sitcoms — routinely portraying managers as morons or enemies, they just don’t get much respect anymore.
Supervising others was always a tough task, but in the past that stress was offset by hopes for career mobility and financial rewards. (4)
But in today’s global, more competitive arena, a manager sits on an insecure perch. (5) There are far fewer rungs on the corporate ladder for managers to climb. In addition, managerial jobs demand more hours and headaches than ever before but offer slim, if any, financial paybacks and perks.
Furthermore, managers now must supervise many people who are spread over different locations, even over different continents. (6)
In an age of entrepreneurship, when the most praised people in business are those launching something new, management seems like an invisible, thankless role. (7)
Management layoffs have done much to erode interest in managerial jobs, of course. (8)
A. Many people don’t want to be a manager — and many people who are managers are, frankly, itching to jump off the management track — or have already.
B. It’s a rare person who can manage to keep up on the technical side and handle a management job, too.
C. Restructuring have eliminated layer after layer of management as companies came to view their organizations as collections of competencies rather than hierarchies.
D. They must manage across functions with, say, design, finance, marketing and technical people reporting to them.
E. I was a counselor, motivator, financial adviser and psychologist.
F. Employers are looking for people who can do things, not for people who make other people do things.
G. American Management Association surveys say three middle managers are laid off for every one being hired.
H. Along with a sizable pay raise, people chosen as managers would begin a nearly automatic climb up the career ladder to lucrative executive perks: stock options, company cars, club memberships, plus the key to the executive washroom.