问题 问答题 简答题

雅典民主政治评述。

答案

参考答案:

一方面,雅典民主政治的基础是公民政治:

其一,政府官职向全体公民开放,取消财产和等级的限制;

其二,公民大会构成城邦的权力核心,公民政治得到充分的体现;

其三,贵族会议形同虚设,贵族特权丧失殆尽;

其四,国家公职实行薪金制,进而为公民参政议政提供经济保证。

另一方面,雅典民主政治属于古代政治的范畴,只有成年男性的雅典自由人具有公民的资格,妇女和非自由人被排斥于公民政治和民主政治之外,所谓的公民权只是成年男性的雅典自由人的特权,所谓的民主政治只是存在于一定的范围之内,因而区别于现代社会的民主政治,后者的特征在于与自由的社会氛围密切相关,具有普遍性抑或全民性。

单项选择题 A1型题
单项选择题

Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.

(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.

14()

A.repaired

B.impaired

C.healed

D.damaged