问题 问答题 案例分析题

材料:

鼻涕

我们通常在感冒、鼻腔发炎的时候才会注意到鼻涕的存在,那样子可不太雅观。其实鼻腔里每时每刻都有鼻涕,也离不开鼻涕,它是保护身体的一道屏障:鼻涕防止鼻腔黏膜干燥,湿润吸进的空气,粘住由空气中吸入的灰尘、花粉、微生物.以免它们刺激呼吸道或引起感染。

鼻涕的成分除了水,还有蛋白质、碳水化合物、盐以及一些脱落的细胞。鼻涕中的蛋白质主要是粘蛋白,它是一种糖蛋白,被由碳水化合物组成的“糖衣”包着,这使得它能大量地吸收水分。鼻涕中的其他蛋白质还包括抗体和溶菌酶,能够杀灭细菌、病毒。

有一部分鼻涕其实是眼泪。眼睛中的泪腺也无时无刻在制造泪水湿润眼睛,我们之所以不会整天泪眼汪汪,是因为这些泪水都从连接眼睛和鼻腔的泪管流到鼻子里,成为鼻涕的一部分。如果你大哭起来,一部分眼泪从眼角流出,大部分还是涌进鼻腔,让你的鼻子“抽泣”,就有了“一把鼻涕一把泪”。

不过大部分的鼻涕是鼻粘膜自己分泌的。鼻粘膜含有一种形状像高脚杯的细胞——所以叫杯状细胞。杯状细胞制造出很多粘蛋白,粘蛋白被释放到细胞外头后,大量地吸收水分,体积能膨胀600倍。杯状细胞一天只需要制造1毫升的粘蛋白,就足以满足鼻腔的正常需要了。

正常的鼻涕是无色透明的,也就是所谓清鼻涕。感冒时一开始流出的也是清鼻涕,之后鼻涕会变得浓一些,成了白色。再往后流出的就可能是绿色的浓鼻涕了,看上去就像脓一样,特别是如果继发了细菌感染,更是如此。为什么鼻涕成了绿色的了?和脓一样,因为它含有大量的嗜中性粒细胞。嗜中性粒细胞虽然属于白细胞,却是绿色的。

免疫系统发现有病原体入侵人体时.开始调兵遣将.嗜中性粒细胞就是最早赶到战场的。

嗜中性粒细胞是被血液送来的,但是它却跑到血管之外作战。它是一种吞噬细胞,它的作战方式是把细菌“吃”进去,在细胞里用各种武器将病原体杀死。武器之一是向细菌释放消毒剂——次氯酸(家用漂白剂的主要成分)。次氯酸是由嗜中性粒细胞内的髓过氧物酶制造的,髓过氧物酶的结构和叶绿素有个共同点,都含有二氢卟酚环,这个特殊结构决定了它们的颜色:绿色。

作者为什么说鼻涕是保护身体的一道屏障?请简要概括其原因。

答案

参考答案:

①鼻涕能吸收大量的水分,防止鼻腔黏膜干燥;②鼻涕能清除吸入的杂质,防止呼吸道受刺激或感染。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Specific brain disorders can affect the perception of music in a very specific way. Experiments done on epileptics decades ago showed that stimulating certain areas of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain awakened "musical memories"—vivid re-creations of melodies that the patients had heard years earlier. Lesions in the temporal lobe can result in so-called musicogenic epilepsy, an extremely rare form of the disorder in which seizures are triggered by the sound of music. Autism offers an even greater puzzle. People with this condition are mentally deficient, yet most are proficient musicians; some are "musical savants" possessed of extraordinary talent.
The opposite is true of the less than 1 percent of the population who suffer from amusia, or tree tone deafness. They literally cannot recognize a melody, let alone tell two of them apart, and they are incapable of repeating a song (although they think they are doing correctly). Even simple, familiar tunes such as Frere Jacques and Happy Birthday are mystifying to musics, but when the lyrics are spoken rather than sung, musics are able to recognize the song immediately.
But for instrumentalists, at least, music can evidently trigger physical changes in the brain’s wiring. By measuring faint magnetic field emitted by the brains of professional musicians, a team led by Christo Pantev of the University of Muenster’s Institute of Experimental Audiology in Germany has shown that intensive practice of an instrument leads to discernible enlargement of parts of the cerebral cortex, the layer of gray matter most closely associated with higher brain function.
As for music’s emotional impact, there is some indication that music can affect levels of various hormones, including cortisol (involved in arousal and stress), testosterone (aggression and arousal) and oxytocin (nurturing behavior) as well as trigger release of the natural opiates known as endorphins. Using PET canners, Zatorre has shown that the parts of the brain involved in processing emotion seem to light up with activity when a subject hears music.
As tantalizing as these nits of research are, they barely begin to address the mysteries of music and the brain, including the deepest question of all: Why do we appreciate music Did our musical ancestors have an evolutionary edge over their tin-eared fellow Or is music, as M. I. T. neuroscientist Steven Pinker asserts, just "auditory cheesecake," with no biological value Given music’s central role in most of our lives, it’s time that scientists found the answers.

What can music do to an instrumentalist according to the passage

A.Music can lead to the enlargement of all the layers of gray.

B.Music can cause the brain to emit magnetic field.

C.Music can stimulate to some degree the change of brain structure.

D.Music can trigger physical change when he/she is playing the instrument.