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四种把关理论的内容?

答案

参考答案:

(1)卢因的把关概念。卢因最早提出把关这一概念,从而开启把关研究的先河。卢因说的把关(守门)完全是比喻性的说法,它的实际含义是指传播者对信息的筛选与过滤。卢因在研究群体传播过程时指出,信息总是沿着包含有“门区”的传播渠道流通的。每个门区都是把关人所处的位置,在那里把关人将就信息的抑制和疏导做出判断。卢因的观点尽管还不完善,但却为把关研究指明了方向。

(2)怀特的把关研究。它是通过输人信息与输出信息的对比,考察在一个具体的把关环节上,信息是怎样被过滤、被筛选的,用公式表示为:输人信息一输出信息=把关过滤信息.缺陷是把把关人当作一个孤立的因素来考察,过分强调把关人独立的权限,而忽略了社会因素的制约。

(3)麦克内利的把关模式。它是对怀特单一化把关模式的修正与发展。麦克内利的把关模式提示了在整个信息流通过程中存在着一条由许多关口组成的把关链,这是其长处。但它有一个很突出的问题,即把每个把关人及其作用都等同起来,每个关口都“平起平坐”,不分主次。

(4)巴斯的双重行动模式。指出最关键的把关人是传播媒介。传播媒介的把关活动包括两个阶段和步骤,这就是他所说的“双重行动”。其中第一阶段是新闻采集,以记者为主;第二阶段是新闻加工,以编辑为代表。

填空题

Many animals engage in play,but homo sapiens is the only animal (1) have invented sports.Since sports are an invention,a part of culture (2) than an aspect of nature,all definitions of sports are somewhat arbitrary. (3) sports are a human universal found in every known culture or a (4) unique to modern society depends upon one’s definition of sports.Men and (5) have always run,jumped,climbed,lifted,thrown, and wrestled,but they have (6) always performed these physical activities competitively. Although all literate societies seem to (7) contests of one sort or another in which men, and sometimes women, (8) in displays and tests of physical skill and prowess,sports may be (9) defined as physical contests performed for their own sake and not for (10) ulterior end.According to this strict definition,neither Neolithic hunters nor contestants (11) religious ceremonies such as the ancient Olympic Games were engaged in sports. (12) on the stipulation that sports must be performed for their own sake (13) the paradoxical elimination of many activities which are usually thought of as (14) ,such as exercises done for the sake of cardiovascular fitness,races run (15) satisfy a physical education requirement,ball games played to earn a paycheck. (16) definition also means abandonment of the traditional usage in which"sport,"derived (17) Middle English disporter,refers to any light hearted recreational activity.In the. (18) of some 18th- century aristocrats,a game of backgammon and the seduction of (19) milkmaid were both considered good sport,but this usage of the term (20) become archaic.

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