问题 名词解释

语言的社会属性

答案

参考答案:

作为社会交际作用的语言其语音总是附载着一定的语音内容—词义,表示特定的社会概念,而用什么样的语音形式表示什么样的语音内容不是由个人决定的,而是由使用该语言的社会成员约定成俗的,即词语所表示的意义是由社会赋予的,这就是语言的社会属性。

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下面的题。

一个古老村庄消失的前夜

李汉荣

  这个古老村庄就要消失了。

  城市像驾着坦克、装甲车的冲锋军团,一路炮声隆隆,烟尘滚滚:一路占山霸水,毁田掠地;一路捣毁村庄,沦陷乡土;一路铲除绿色,铺张水泥。城市。眼看着扑过来了

  古老的村庄没有任何防御体系,要说有什么防御,也就是家家门前菜园用竹子、柴薪、葛藤、牵牛花、丝瓜藤、葫芦蔓搭起的篱笆,这样温柔的“防御体系”,也就挡个鸡呀、鹅呀,甚至鸡鹅也是挡不住的,本来也没用心真挡,挡啥呢,不就叨几口绿叶子吗?这些篱笆,这些防御体系,说白了也就是个柔软的装饰,鸟儿们就常常在上面歇息、跳跃,梳理羽毛。叽叽喳喳说着原野见闻。说着远山近水。从古到今,村庄都有这样的篱笆,“肯与邻翁相对饮,隔篱呼取尽余杯”,唐朝的杜甫也是在这样的篱笆前招待客人,招待诗。

  王婶、二叔、张爷、春娃他妈……连夜到村头老井挑水,这是最后一次打水了,孩儿最后一次吃母亲的奶,就是这种难分难舍的心情吧,以后,再不会有这样温暖的怀抱,再不会有这样亲切的乳汁了。

  井台上,人们心情黯然,都不说话,是的,诀别是伤感的,怎么会有兴高采烈的诀别呢?是的,这是另一种离乡背井,岂止如此,以后,是再没了乡,永失了井啊。

  此时的人们都不说话。往日的井台,是村庄最温情、最有意思的地方。挑水的人们,在井台上相遇,就要停下来,说家长里短,说庄稼天气,顺便说说家里三餐口味和天下局势;年轻后生遇到老年人,就帮助把井水提上来,后生走远了,走了几十年那么远了,仍感到背上落满老人感激的目光。

  村庄里,人们的眼神,是这井水给的,清亮里漾着善良;人们的口音,是这井水给的,柔软里带着清脆;连脾气和心性也是这井水给的,格局不大,但并不局促,底蕴却是细腻深沉;水波不兴,但清澈如镜,胸襟能容纳天光地气。从村庄里进出的人,血脉里都循环着一股清水,浇灌着深深浅浅的日子。滴水之恩,以涌泉相报,是村庄做人的伦理;厚道和本分,是村庄里对人品的最高评价。其实,你若要分析住在这里和从这里走出去的人们的性情和品德,分析到最后,你会发现,他们的内心深处,都藏着一口清流不断的深井。

  每过些年总要淘一次井,淘井,就是给井洗澡沐身,井底、井壁、井口、井台,来一次全面彻底的清理维修。淘井,这是村庄的盛大节日,大人喜悦,孩子欢笑,连村庄的狗受了感染也跟着人们四处撒欢,瞎起哄。淤泥、瓦片捞上来了,云娃妈的发卡、喜娃婆的手镯、李三叔的旱烟锅捞上来了,井台上一阵笑声和惊呼,有人就说:这井可是个好管家啊,贵重的物件、小孩偷偷扔下去的瓦片,它都好好保管着;接着,又捞出清朝的几枚铜钱、民国的几个银元,那是先人挑水时不小心从衣兜里掉下去的,以往淘井没淘到底遗留下来,人们就想象那弯腰提水的古人长什么样子,想象他当时怅然的心情,就感叹,这井还是个收藏家,收藏着时间的遗物;井壁上砌着唐朝的砖,宋朝的石头,明朝又加进一些片石,井沿上抹着当代的水泥,啊,这井,浑身上下都是历史,它是一个历史学家,不,它就是历史。老老少少的人们,就感到了一种久远、幽深的东西,对井水,对生活,又增加了一份敬意。

  今夜,此时,人们挑水,但没人说话。井台上,月光安静均匀地铺着碎银;井里,那轮祖先留下的月亮,笑眯眯地望着天上的另一个自己,但他并不惊讶自己水里的身世,井一直把他抱在怀里养啊养啊,几千年都保持着白净和雍容,他等待着那熟悉的身影,他等待着出水的时刻,他等待着那荡漾着又复静止的感觉。

  天真的月亮不知道,今夜,这是他最后一次在清水里亮相,这是他最后一次和村庄约会,明天,村庄将被机械捣毁,水井将被水泥封死,照了千年的镜子,从此永失;村庄连同她收养了千年的月亮,从此永别。(选自《读者》2012第4期,有删节)

1.请简要赏析文中第2节画线部分的表达效果。

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2.这座即将消失的村庄里的人们具有哪些美好的品性?请简要概括。

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3.“淘井,这是村庄的盛大节日”,人们的心中充满了欢乐。这似乎与本文的感情基调并不吻合。作者为什么要安排描写这一场面?

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4.作者对在城市化进程中古老的村庄就要消失怀有怎样的情感?你怎样看待作者的这种情感?

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阅读理解

Mr. Robinson had to travel somewhere on business and as he was in a hurry, he decided to go by air. He liked to sit beside a window when he was flying. So, when he got on to the plane, he looked for a window seat. He found all of them had already been taken except one. There was a soldier sitting in the seat beside this one and Mr. Robinson was happy that he had not taken the one by the window; but, anyhow, he at once went towards it. When he reached it, however, he saw there was a notice on it. It was written in ink and said “This seat is reserved for proper load balance. Thank you.” Mr. Robinson had never seen such a notice in a plane before, but he thought that the plane must be carrying something heavy in its baggage room which made it necessary to have the passengers properly balanced, so he walked on and found another empty seat, not beside a window, to sit in. Then, when the plane was quite full, a very beautiful girl stepped into the plane. The soldier quickly took the notice off the seat beside him and in this way succeeded in having the girl beside him during the whole trip.

小题1:When he got on the plane he was happy to find that _______.

A.a notice was put in a window seat

B.some of the seats were not occupied

C.there was a seat that he had hoped to have

D.the plane was not very crowded小题2:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Mr. Robinson was the last passenger to get on board the plane.

B.Mr. Robinson was surprised to see the notice in the seat.

C.The window seats were all occupied when Mr. Robinson got on hoard the plane.

D.The plane Mr. Robinson took was heavily loaded with luggage.小题3:In the end Mr. Robinson found out that _________.

A.the notice was put on the seat by the soldier.

B.the solider was waiting for his girl friend

C.the girl was the last passenger who got on the plane.

D.the seat by the window was kept for the last passenger.小题4:This short passage may be taken from a _____.

A.novel

B.news report

C.science fiction

D.magazine.