问题 多项选择题

公文的作用是()的作用。

A.领导和指导

B.联系和知照

C.规范和准绳

D.宣传和教育

答案

参考答案:A, B, C, D

解析:

公文的作用可归纳为五个方面。

(1)领导和指导作用。上级机关发给下级机关的公文,都具有领导和指导作用。

(2)行为规范作用。通过公文发布的一些法律、法令和行政法规等,同样对所辖成员起着规范和准绳作用。(3)宣传和教育作用。公文在传达某一方针政策,规定人们应该怎么做的同时,还要说明为什么要这样做。这就增强了它的宣传和教育作用。

(4)联系知照作用。机关之间的许多工作是通过公文进行联系、协调的,许多具体问题也是因此而得到及时处理的,还有许多对工作的开展具有重要意义的信息资料也是这样获得的。因此,公文在保证各机关正常而有秩序地开展工作上,起着极大的作用。

(5)依据和凭证作用。各种公文都反映了制发机关的意图,都具有法定的效力,受文机关则以此作为处理工作、解决问题的依据。公文不仅仅传达了发文机关的意图,同时也是证实这一意图的最好凭证。

选择题
填空题


A good translator is by definition bilingual. The opposite is not (1) true, however. A born and bred bilingual will still need two (2) to become a translator: first, the skills and experience necessary for (3) ; second, knowledge of the field in which he or she will (4) . The skills and experience for translation include the ability to write (5) in the target language, the ability to read and understand the (6) language material thoroughly, and the ability to work with the latest (7) and communication hardware and software.
Does a born and bred bilingual (8) a better translator than someone who learned language B later in (9) There is no definite answer, but the following issues are important. (10) , a born and bred bilingual often suffers from not truly knowing (11) language well enough to translate, with some even suffering from what (12) known as a lingua-ism, a state in which a person lacks (13) full, fluent command of any language. Second, born and bred bilinguals (14) don’t know the culture of the target language well enough to (15) top-quality translations, or cannot recognize what aspects of the source language (16) its culture need to be treated with particular care, as they (17) in a sense too close to the language. And last, they often (18) the analytical linguistic skills to work through a sticky text.
On (19) other hand, the acquired bilingual may not have the sam0e in-depth (20) of colloquialisms, slang, and dialect that the born bilingual has. Also, the acquired bilingual will not be able to translate as readily in both directions (from B to language A and A to language B). Finally, born bilinguals often have a greater appreciation of the subtleties and nuances of both their languages than someone who learns their B language later in life can ever hope to have.