问题 单项选择题 A1/A2型题

患者,男,38岁,车祸致胸部损伤,出现严重呼吸困难。查体:BP80/60mmHg,脉细速,皮肤完整,气管左移,颈静脉充盈,颈部及有胸部皮下气肿,右胸廓饱满,肋间隙增宽,叩鼓音,右肺呼吸音消失。最可能的诊断是()

A.张力性气胸

B.闭合性气胸

C.开放性气胸

D.纵隔气肿

E.肺爆震伤

答案

参考答案:A

解析:

该患者符合张力性气胸其多因肺裂伤、较大支气管破裂或胸壁穿透伤。其机制是由于气体只进不出:

①裂口呈单向活瓣状与胸膜腔相通;

②吸气时活瓣开放,空气由裂口进入胸膜腔;

③呼气时活瓣关闭,空气不能排出;

④胸膜腔内气体积聚,压力持续升高。

临床表现为

(1)呼吸困难,呈进行性加重,烦躁、紫绀。

(2)循环障碍,血压下降,心率加快。重者出现休克。

(3)查体:胸廓饱满,呼吸运动减弱。气胸体征(皮下气肿、纵隔气肿)。

(4)X线检查:胸腔积气,肺受压。气管、纵隔移位。而闭合性气胸(B)由于肋骨骨折断端刺破肺组织,使空气进入胸膜腔后,肺裂口迅速封闭,空气不再进入胸膜腔。临床表现为胸痛、呼吸困难;开放性气胸(C)多因锐器损伤。胸腔与外界相通,空气随呼吸自由出入胸腔。胸内压=大气压,临床表现为呼吸困难、循环障碍,负压消失、纵隔扑动,BP下降,重者有休克等。

单项选择题 B型题
填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.