问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文字,完成下列各题(共9分,每题3分)

宋代文人的拐杖

中国古代文人经常写到自己用的拐杖,宋人尤喜如此。在他们的笔下,拐杖寓含着丰富的中国文化信息。

人们早就使杖这个原本简单的生活用品人格化了。人们从它身上引申出了品德等喻义,从它身上获得启示;这些品德之类的喻义,正是中国古人爱杖以及“杖文学”众多的基本原因之一。

汉代文人言杖,常把杖比作君子、圣贤,杖被附加上了戒慎、克制、节欲以及认真助人、忘我助人的德行,以此强调其扶持、辅佐的作用,提示人们应当从用杖中体会到任用贤人之重要。魏晋唐人除了继续将杖与扶持、辅佐之类相联系外,又将劲直、高节、逍遥和杖联系了起来。

到宋代,有的人继续申说杖的扶持作用,而另一些人则在魏晋唐人的基础上进一步丰富其含义。张九成、黄庭坚强调了忠信笃恭、内圣、廉、直、节。最能典型地体现宋人观念的,则是蔡戡的《邛竹杖歌》,其后半首曰:“孤根端有岁寒操,劲节肯染京城红。飘然飞去不可执,西山南浦聊从容。放行天地无障碍,倚观宇宙皆虚空。横挑斜倚任所适,去来无定如飞鸿。”赋杖以节操、脱俗、闲适、飘逸的个性,正是宋人写杖的最大特色。

在中国文化史上,宋代是中国传统文化中各种观念整合、沉淀、定型的一个非常重要的时期,普遍的内敛倾向使各种纷扰的观念、骚动的心理被普遍的宁静之美、逍遥之求所代替。程颢的诗《秋日偶成》最具典型:“万物静观皆自得,四时佳兴与人同。道通天地有形外,思入风云变态中。富贵不淫贫贱乐,男儿到此是豪雄。”这种有别于唐人专重功名富贵的“男儿观”,代表了宋代文人人生态度的新内容。

宋人这种人生态度,也体现在对杖的品德等喻义的解说上。在宋人笔下,杖的戒慎启示、扶持、辅佐功能、贤人之喻明显淡出,它从一个侧面显示了宋代文人的入世意识、政治主人翁意识的淡化。宋人的杖主要是用来显示一种脱俗、逍遥、闲适的情怀。

与这种人生态度和情怀相应的,是他们的审美情趣。宋代文人喜爱之杖,在材质上都偏爱来自山野自然的植物。他们还非常喜欢给杖加上枯、曲、瘦、短、轻等形容词。可见,宋人爱写杖,正是其人生态度、审美心理的外化表现,他们使杖有了丰富的文化附着。

所以,宋人常可通过杖来获得一些人生感悟,或借助它去表达人生感悟。如苏轼的“竹杖芒鞋轻胜马,谁怕?一蓑烟雨任平生”,在竹杖芒鞋与马的比较中,作者体会到不受宦事羁绊的轻松自由。

由此可见,宋人对杖及写杖的偏爱是在中国文化富有连贯性的演化中,随着整个封建社会的兴衰变化,随着文人心态、旨趣的变迁而逐渐形成的。

小题1:对文章理解有误的一项是(   ) (3分)

A.中国古人之所以爱“杖”,是因为从“杖”身上引申出来的喻义给人以启示。

B.宋代文人对“杖”的含义的创新是在对前人否定的基础上完成的。

C.宋代文人喜爱选择山野自然植物做“杖”的材质是源于他们的审美情趣。

D.苏轼借笔下的“竹杖”“芒鞋”表达了自己不受宦事束缚后轻松、潇洒的心境。小题2:下面各句诗词中最能反映文中所说的宋代文人的情怀的一项是(  ) (3分)

A.生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄。(李清照)

B.小舟从此逝,江海寄余生。(苏轼)

C.凭谁问,廉颇老矣,尚能饭否?(辛弃疾)

D.出师一表真名世,千载谁堪伯仲间。(陆游)小题3:不能作为宋代文人喜爱写杖的原因的一项是(   )      (3分)

A.因为宋代文人的人生态度,由积极入世转向一种脱俗、逍遥、闲适的情怀,而这种情怀与宋人赋予杖的寓意是吻合的。

B.杖的取材和外形特点体现了宋代文人的审美情趣。

C.宋人常可通过杖来获得一些人生感悟,或借助它去表达人生感悟。

D.在宋人的笔下,拐杖寓含着丰富的中国文化信息。

答案

小题1:B小题1:B小题1:D

小题1: 小题1:

小题1:

阅读理解

LONDON, Feb. 18,2014 (Xinhua News agency) —Britain will send experts to East China's Shanghai to learn from the city's experience in maths teaching in an attempt to raise the teaching standards.

British Education Minister Elizabeth Truss is to lead a delegation of experts on a fact-finding mission to Shanghai's schools next week to see how children there have become the best in the world at maths, to get a first-hand look at maths classes and teaching methods there, and particularly to investigate why the performance of almost all children in Shanghai is high, regardless of gender or income.

Britain was last year placed 50th out of 148 countries and regions in the World Economic Forum's competitiveness ranking in quality of maths and science education. Two years ago, Shanghai topped the 2012 international PISA tables for maths, while England was ranked in 26th place. The top five were all in Southeast Asia, with 15-year-olds in Shanghai judged to be three years ahead of their peers in maths.

The education department said: "England's performance in maths has lagged behind while other countries have improved and overtaken us, including Poland and Germany." Actually, it is the latest step in the government's drive to raise standards in maths, looking at what has made schools in the far East the most successful in the world in teaching the subject.

"Shanghai is the top-performing part of the world for maths—their children are streets ahead. Shanghai and Singapore have teaching practices and a positive mind that make the difference. They have a belief that diligence makes up for lack of ability," Truss said. "Our new curriculum has borrowed from theirs because we know it works—early learning of key arithmetic, and a focus on times tables and long division(长除法), for instance."

She was determined to change the situation as performance in maths is weakening the country's skills base and threatening the productivity and growth. The government is emphasizing maths because of the importance of good grades in the subject to young people competing for good jobs in a global labor market and to the economy more generally.

An education and skills survey released by the Confederation of British Industry last year showed that 30 percent of employers reported dissatisfaction with the standard of school and college leavers' numeracy. More than two-thirds of employers said they wanted both maths and science promoted more in schools.

小题1:Why does the British government send a delegation of experts to Shanghai?

A.To see how children from rich families have become the best at maths.

B.To investigate why the performance of almost all children in China is high.

C.To get a first-hand look at science classes and teaching methods there.

D.To raise the teaching standards in maths in Britain.小题2:Which of the following statements is true according to the two international competition results?

A.British students performed better in 2013 than in 2012.

B.British students did better than the students from Poland in 2013.

C.The students from Singapore did better than the students from Germany.

D.The students from Germany did better than the students from Poland.小题3:What has made schools in Shanghai the most successful in teaching maths in the eye of Truss?

A.Curriculum and teaching methods.

B.Teaching practices and a positive mind.

C.Early learning of key arithmetic and times tables.

D.A focus on times tables and long division.小题4:How will students’ poor performance in maths affect the country eventually?

A.By threatening the country's competitiveness of economy.

B.By weakening the country's political system.

C.By losing international competitions in education.

D.By failing to find jobs in a global labor market.小题5:What can we infer from the news?

A.The students in Britain don’t work hard at Maths.

B.The students in shanghai are the smartest in the world.

C.The education of science in Britain is no better than that of maths.

D.Most British citizens are dissatisfied with teachers’ work.

单项选择题