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问题 单项选择题

社区附近的建筑工地夜间12点以后仍然施工，造成噪音扰民问题。这属于( )。

A．社会性问题
B．社区问题
C．共同性问题
D．个别性问题

答案

参考答案：C

解析： 共同性问题是指对社区中绝大部分居民的生活造成影响的问题。例如一条流经社区的河流，因被污染而造成整个社区空气恶化；再比如社区附近的建筑工地夜间12点以后仍然施工，造成噪音扰民问题。这类问题影响范围广、涉及居民多，具有紧迫性，所以较容易引起居民的关注。社区工作者常以共同性问题为契机，推动大多数居民参与。

综合题

（14分）阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一  1872年9月，文部省颁布了第一个有目的、有计划的教育改革的文件——《学制》。《学制序文》中说：“人之所以立其身，治其产，昌其止，以遂其生者，此无他，端赖修身，开智，长其才艺也。而修身，开智、增长才艺又非学不可。故有学校之设立”。同时指出改革教育的目标是“自今以后一般人民，无论华、士族，农工商及妇女，必邑无不学之户，家无不学之人”。政府将全国划分成学区，设置各级、各类学校，逐步普及小学义务教育。1890年10月，日本明治天皇签署颁布了《教育敕语》。

——叶立群《日本的教育改革》

材料二  1901年清末新政伊始，清廷就启用管学大臣张百熙着手学制制定工作。1902年8月，清政府正式公布中国近代第一部学校系统章程《钦定学堂章程》，亦称“壬寅学制”，是中国教育史上第一个系统完备的现代学制。学制规定了各级各类学堂的培养目标、修业年限、入学条件、课程设置及相互衔接的关系，其主要内容多参照日本学制。1904年1月，清廷再次颁布由张百熙、张之洞、荣庆拟定的《奏定学堂章程》，其中强调，“至于立学宗旨，勿论何等学堂，均以忠孝为本，以中国经史之学为基，俾学生心术壹归于纯正，而后以西学沦（注：渗透）其智识，练其艺能，务期他日成材，各适实用，以仰副国家造就通才，慎防流弊之意。”

——刘翔《论明治维新对清末学制改革的影响》

（1）根据以上材料，比较近代中日两国教育改革的相似之处。（6分）

（2）综合所学知识，分析影响中日两国改革成败的主要因素。（8分）
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填空题

The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people’s and nation’s wants. The problem we are faced with is that our (1) , here identified as money, are (2) . The only way we can resolve our (3) is to make choices. After looking at our resources, we must examine our list of (4) and identify the things we need (5) , those we can postpone, and (6) we cannot afford. As individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics — deciding just how to allocate our limited resources to provide ourselves with the greatest (7) of our wants.
Nations face the same problem. As a country’s population (8) , the need for more goods and services grows (9) . Resources necessary to production may increase, but there are (10) enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a (11) . Whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living-room, in the conference room of the corporation (12) of directors, or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington, the basic problem still exists. We need to find (13) of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.
A short time ago, economists divided goods into two categories, free and economic. The former, like air and water, were in (14) abundance that economists had no concern about (15) of scarcity and what to do about it. Today many of these "free goods" are in (16) very expensive to use. Pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers who have to filter their waste products, for consumers who ultimately pay for the producers’ extra costs, and (17) tax-payers who pay for the government’s involvement in cleaning the environment.
In the 1990s, almost all goods are (18) . Only by effort and money can they be (19) in the form people wish.
Meeting the needs of people and the demands from resources available leads to the basic activity of production. In trying to (20) unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.
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