问题 单项选择题

  中国本土的户籍制大约始于南北朝时期,当时政府实行户籍登记制主要是为分配土地、征收赋税及摊派徭役提供凭据。新中国成立后,户籍制度逐步发展成为集人中迁移控制和利益资源分配于一体的结构严密且功能强大的系统性政策,以一九五八年颁布的《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》为标志,中国政府开始对人口自由流动实行严格限制和政府管制。该法规确立了以常住人口为主,严格控制人口流动的基本原则,明确地将城乡居民区分为“农业户口”和“非农业户口”两种不同户籍,并规定: “公民由农村迁往城市,必须持有城市劳动部门的录用证明、学校的录取证明,或者城市户口登记机关的准予迁入证明,向常住地户口登记机关申请办理迁出手续。”这种二元结构的封闭式的户籍管理模式构成了世界罕见的城乡壁垒,它在城市与农村、城市与城市之间构成了一道难以逾越的屏障,城市可凭借户籍壁垒构建住房、医疗、教育、养老等一系列排他性的城市福利和保障城市劳动力全面就业的城市就业制度,从这个意义上讲,户口本成为中国人之间身份及待遇差别的一大标志,户籍制度是留在中国人尤其是中国农民身上带有明显歧视色彩的烙印。

  客观地讲,传统户籍制度对于计划经济背景下维护社会稳定和确保农业的基础地位等,确实起到了“铁篱笆”似的重要作用。然而,随着市场经济的发展,滥觞于农业和计划经济的传统户籍制度已经明显适应不了时代的需要。“铁篱笆”似的户籍制度不仅钳制了人才的自由流动,阻碍了市场对人力资源的有效配置,而且在客观上伤害了一大批民众尤其是广大农民的感情。作为户籍制度配套实施的工农业产品价格上的“剪刀差”制度,在压低农产品价格的基础上提高工业产品的价格。这种“剪刀差”政策无疑为工业化进程注入了动力。毋庸置疑,广大农民为中国工业化的起步及发展作出了难以估量的巨大牺牲。另一方面,由于户籍制度改革的滞后,因生计所迫而大量涌入城市务工经商的农民几乎不可能取得合法的“市民”身份,难以获得与城市居民平等的发展机会及社会地位,甚至连基本的人身安全感都没有,因而这些处于城市边缘的“打工族”对城市生活缺乏认同感和参与感,这在相当程度上窒息了他们投身于城市建设和管理的积极性及创造性。另外,曾几何时“农转非”指标成为权钱交易的资本,有关部门在办理“农转非”时,“走后门”几乎成了公开的秘密,这也在无形中助长了社会的不正之风。一言以蔽之,既失公正又缺效率的传统户籍制度是一项负面效应甚多的壁垒型政策。

根据原文提供的信息,以下推断正确的一项是()。

A.户籍制度严重伤害了一大批民众尤其是农民的感情,因而农民对城市怀有一种天然的敌意

B.户籍制度在城市与农村,城市与城市之间筑成了一道难以逾越的屏障,堵住了农民走进城的一切通道

C.传统户籍制度有诸多缺点,在我国经济发展中没起过什么积极作用

D.传统的户籍政策既失公正,又缺效率,在经济大潮冲击下,户籍政策改革势在必行

答案

参考答案:D

单项选择题
阅读理解
Cultural practices, cultural differences, local manners, and mores: traveling the globe can be a behavioral minefield, even when you have the best intentions. Everything from greeting to eating can be an opportunity to do the wrong thing, and not only embarrass yourself, but offend your host countrymen. Look out for the following cultural mistakes and try to avoid them while going abroad.
1.Touching Someone
Where It's Offensive
Korea, Thailand, China, Europe, the Middle East.
What's Offensive
In Mediterranean countries, if you don’t touch someone's arm when talking to them or if you don't greet them with kisses or a warm embrace, you'll be considered cold. But backslapping someone who isn't a family member or a good friend in Korea will make them uncomfortable. In Thailand, the head is considered sacred--never even pat a child on the head.
What You Should Do Instead
Observe what locals are doing and follow suit. In Eastern countries remember that touching and public displays of affection are unacceptable. In places like Qatar and Saudi Arabia, men and women are forbidden from talking, let alone touching.
2.Blowing Your Nose
Where It's Offensive
Japan, China, Saudi Arabia, France
What's Offensive
Some cultures find it disgusting to blow your nose in public--especially at the table. The Japanese and Chinese also dislike it even with a handkerchief.
What You Should Do Instead
If traveling through Eastern and Asian countries, don’t use handkerchief but choose disposable(可溶解的)tissues. In France and in Eastern countries, if you're dining and need to clear your nose, excuse yourself and head to the restroom.
3.Talking Over Dinner
Where It's Offensive
Africa, Japan, Thailand, China, Finland.
What's Offensive
In some countries, like China, Japan, and some African nations, don't start chatting while everyone else is digging into dinner, because mealtimes are for eating, not talking. Also avoid conversations in places a country might consider sacred or reflective---churches in Europe, temples in Thailand, and saunas in Finland.
What You Should Do Instead
Keep quiet!
4.Removing Your Shoes…or Not
Where It's Offensive
Hawaii, the South Pacific, Korea, China, Thailand
What's Offensive
Taking off shoes when arriving at the door of a London dinner party will be regarded as uncivilized, but failing to remove your shoes before entering a home in Asia, Hawaii, or the Pacific Islands will be considered disrespectful.
What You Should Do Instead
If you see a row of shoes at the door, start undoing your laces. If not, keep the shoes on.
5.Knowing Your Right from Your Left
Where It's Offensive
India, Morocco, Africa, the Middle East
What's Offensive
Many cultures still prefer to eat using traditional methods--their hands. In these cases, food is often shared, which is why it's important to wash your hands before eating and observe the right-hand-is-for-eating and the left-hand-is-for-other-duties rule. If you eat with your left hand, expect your fellow diners to be offended.
What You Should Do Instead
Left-handed? Attempt to be ambidextrous --- even children who are left-handed in these cultures are taught to eat with their right hand.
小题1:In which country can you greet someone with a kiss?
A.ThailandB.EnglandC.QatarD.Hawaii
小题2:If you’re in Japan and you’ve got a bad cold, what should you do at dinner?
A.Excuse yourself and leave for home.B.Blow your nose with a handkerchief.
C.Use some disposable tissues when neededD.Go to the restroom.
小题3:Before entering your friend’s house in a foreign country, you’d better ______.
A.greet the host or hostess firstB.follow others’ behaviors
C.remove your shoes firstD.respect their customs
小题4: To enjoy your dinner in India, you have to ______.
A.avoid talking over dinnerB.keep your shoes on
C.share food with othersD.eat with your right hand