问题 单项选择题

现代西方美学,一反过去传统的哲学方法,而走向心理学美学与科学美学。心理学美学用科学方法研究人的审美心理,偏重于主体;科学美学则用科学方法分析审美对象的结构与功能,偏重于客体。但不管哪种方法,他们都认为对美的本质(美的定义)问题作无穷无尽的哲学上的思辨性探讨,没有什么意义。瑞恰兹在《意义的意义》一书中,考察了十六种传统美学对于美所作的哲学思考,他认为除了证明美的多义性和歧义性之外,再没有什么了,因而认为传统美学的方法是不科学的,应当抛弃。他采取了语言分析的方法,从美这个词的具体运用中,来探讨美的意义。这样,美就不再是一个玄学的幻影,而是一个约定俗成的词。

现代西方美学这一股否定美的浪潮,无疑有其时代的背景和世界性的影响。使本来属于哲学范围的美学,向着科学靠近了一步。对于这一发展的倾向。哈·奥斯本曾经这样加以评价:

它那审慎、实证、分析的作风标志着一种更为严密的研究趋势;它不愿作总的概括,却更为重视各门艺术如音乐、绘画、诗、戏剧等等的独特个性。它把兴趣集中在对各门艺术批评所用的概念结构上,分别从逻辑上加以澄清;并把所用的不同的评价标准弄清楚。与此相对照,建立一致性的东西,不是被视为不成熟的,就是被视为是危险的蒙昧主义。这种深入的研究,对于阐明一些特殊的问题,做出了显著的贡献,在分辨真假的争论中,也取得了某些进展。但是,从整个领域来看,它除了分解的方法外,在结论上并没有取得与之相称的结果。

美学问题不仅是一个细节的分析问题,而且是一个关系到整个人类感情价值的问题。对于感情价值,单靠语义和结构的分析,单靠信息和符号,单靠解剖刀,是无济于事的。它归根到底,要在科学的心理学方法之上,诉之于哲学的幻想和沉思,诉之于人类的心灵。人类的心灵,包括已知和未知、局部和整体、现在和未来。科学所面对的,是已知、局部和现在的部分;哲学所面对的,则主要是未知、整体和未来的部分。人类的感情世界,其中主要是美和艺术的世界,是人类心灵中重要的组成部分,因此,要抛弃对于美和艺术的本质的哲学探讨,这是不可能的。

下列依据文本信息作出的分析或推断,不正确的一项是()。

A.现代西方美学强调了人类审美情感的一个侧面,其产生有一定的时代背景,对美学研究的发展具有一定的推动作用

B.心理学美学与科学美学在反传统的层面上态度相同,所采用的研究方法也大体相同,但各自研究的侧重点不同

C.作者同意哈·奥斯本对现代西方美学的评价,引用他的话,既表明了己意,又为下文推出自己的结论做了铺垫

D.美和艺术的世界是人类心灵中重要的组成部分,哲学才能解决人类心灵中未知、整体和未来的问题,所以只能用哲学的方法研究美的本质

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

哲学所面对的也只是部分问题,不能推出“只能……”的结论。

阅读理解

D

He was 11 years old and went fishing every chance he got from the dock at his family's cabin on an island in the middle of a New Hampshire lake.

On the day before the bass season opened, he and his father were fishing early in the evening, catching sunfish and perch(鲈鱼)with worms. Then he tied on a small silver lure(鱼饵)and practiced casting. The lure struck the water and caused colored ripples in the sunset, then silver ripples as the moon rose over the lake.

When his pole doubled over, he knew something huge was on the other end. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully worked the fish alongside the dock.

Finally, he very gingerly lifted the exhausted fish from the water. It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass. The boy and his father looked at the handsome fish, gills playing back and forth in the moonlight. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 10 P.M.--- two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, then at the boy.

"You'll have to put it back, son," he said.

"Dad!" cried the boy.

"There will be other fish," said his father.

"Not as big as this one," cried the boy.

He looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were anywhere around in the moonlight. He looked again at his father. Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish, the boy could tell by the clarity of his father's voice that the decision was not negotiable. He slowly worked the hook out of the lip of the huge bass and lowered it into the black water.

The creature swished its powerful body and disappeared. The boy suspected that he would never again see such a great fish.

That was 34 years ago. Today, the boy is a successful architect in New York City. His father's cabin is still there on the island in the middle of the lake. He takes his own son and daughters fishing from the same dock.

He was right. He has never again caught such a magnificent fish as the one he landed that night long ago. But he does see that same fish---again and again---every time he comes up against a question of ethics(道德规范).

66. Why did the father ask his son to put the perch back?

A. Because the father disliked the perch.  B. Because the father was afraid of being fined.

C. Because the ethics must be observed.

D. Because the son was more experience in fishing than his father.

67. The underlined word “negotiable” in the passage refers to _________.

A. reasonable     B. transferable     C. acceptable    D. reliable

68. When does the architect (the father’s son) think of that perch put back?

A. When he takes his own son and daughters fishing from the same dock.

B. When he builds many famous buildings.

C. When he pays a visit to his old father.

D. When he faces some problems about ethics.

69. Which word can not be used to describe the boy’s father?

A. honest    B. noble-minded      C. caring        D. generous

70. From the passage, we can learn _________.

A. how we do the right thing and are strengthened

B. how we have a chance to beat the system and take it

C. how we master some skills of going fishing

D. how we understand our parents’ words is very important

问答题

某建设单位经相关主管部门批准,组织某建设项目全过程总承包(即EPC模式)的公开招标工作。根据实际情况和建设单位要求,该工程工期定为2年,考虑到各种因素的影响,决定在该工程基本方案确定后即开始招标,确定的招标程序如下:
(1) 成立该工程招标领导机构;
(2) 委托招标代理机构代理招标;
(3) 发出投标邀请书;
(4) 对报名参加的投标人进行资格预审,并将结果通知合格的申请投标人;
(5) 向所有获得投标资格的投标人发售招标文件;
(6) 召开投标预备会;
(7) 招标文件的澄清与修改;
(8) 建立评标组织,制定标底和评标、定标办法;
(9) 召开歼标会议,审查投标书;
(10) 组织评标;
(11) 与合格的投标人进行质疑澄清;
(12) 决定中标单位;
(13) 发出中标通知书;
(14) 建设单位与中标单位签订承发包合同。
[问题]

该工程共有7家投标人投标,在开标过程中,出现如下情况:
(1) 其中1家投标人的投标书没有按照招标文件的要求进行密封和加盖企业法人印章,经招标监督机构认定,该投标作为无效投标处理;
(2) 其中1家投标人提供的企业法定代表人委托书是复印件,经招标监督机构认定,该投标作为无效投标处理;
(3) 开标人发现剩余的5家投标人中,有1家的投标报价与标底价格相差较大,经现场商议,也作为无效投标处理。
指明以上处理是否正确,并说明原因。