问题 单项选择题

用户在开始通信前,必须申请建立一条从发送端到接收端的物理信道,并且在双方通信期间始终占用该信道,这样的交换方式属于()。

A.电路交换

B.报文交换

C.分组交换

D.信元交换

答案

参考答案:A

解析:

本题考查数据通信的交换方式的概念。

两个终端开始正式通信之前,首先由主呼终端进行呼叫,送出被呼终端的电话号码,直到在主呼和被呼之间建立起一条专用的通信线路,主呼终端和被呼终端才开始进行双向数据传输,在整个数据传输期间一直独占线路,通信结束后释放已建立的通信线路,这种技术叫做电路交换或是线路交换,主要用于电话系统。

发送方待发送的整个数据块称为报文(message)。报文交换事先不建立线路,当发送方有数据块要发送时,它把目的地址附加在报文上交给交换设备,交换设备选择一条合适的空闲输出线,将报文通过该输出线传送出去。在这个过程中,交换设备的输入线和输出线之间不建立物理连接,在每个交换设备处,报文首先被存储起来,在适当的时候被转发出去,所以报文交换采用的是存储转发技术,动态分配线路,使得线路能够共享,提高了资源的利用率。

为了解决报文交换大报文传输的问题,分组交换技术严格限制数据块大小的上限,把大报文切分成更小的数据单位,加上一些必要的控制信息组成的首部后,就构成了分组(packet),分组从发送端发出,经过一个或多个交换设备转发,转发的选路根据分组的首部信息进行,到达接收端,分组可以在交换设备的内存中缓存,同时保证任何用户都不能独占线路超过几十毫秒,现代网络绝大多数采用分组交换技术。分组交换网由若干个交换机和连接这些交换机的链路组成,每台主机都有一条到交换机的链路,交换机的主要工作就是在它的一条链路上接收输入分组,把这些分组从其他的链路上输出。

信元交换是异步传输模式(Asynchronous Transfer Mode,ATM)采用的交换方式,在很大程度上就是按照虚电路方式进行分组转发。在ATM网络中与众不同的一点是,分组长度是固定不变的,称为信元(cell)。信元长度为53字节,5字节的首部,48字节的有效载荷。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解

                                            Autumn blues? Let the sunshine in.

     Falling leaves, whithering flowers, sold winds, faint sunshine.   1  Spirits can be low.

     People who suffer from " the autumn blues" often are extremely exhausted , lack energy, need more

sleep, feel increased appetite and gain weight.

     " The exact cause of this condition, often called seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder

(SAD), is not known yet," says Chen Jue, associate professor at Shanghai Mental Health Center. " But

recent studies indicate that weather change is influential and strongly suggest that this condition is caused

by changes in the availability of sunlight."

     One theory is that with decreased exposure to sunlight, the biological clock that regulates mood,

sleep, and hormones is delayed, running more slowly in winter.   2  Another theory is that brain chemicals

that transmit information between nerves may be altered(改变) in individuals with SAD. It is believed

that exposure to light can correct these imbalances.

      "      3   Remember, spring always lives in your heart," Chen says.

      Here are some tips to deal with autumn depression.

1.Go outdoors and get some sunlight. More around. Fresh air and exercise improve the respiratory( 呼

吸) system and blood circulation and regulate the nerves system. Thus , exercise is calming and relieves

one's mood.

2.Relax at work. Stretch, breathe deeply. Take a tea break. Think of your next vacation.

3.   4  Chocolate and sugar raise the spirits.

4. Look at bright colors, such as red and orange.

5.  5   Blooming plants are cheering

6.Call friends or family when you feel lonely or depressed. Recall some happy memories.

A. Exposure to light  may reset the biological clock.

B. Decorate your room and work space with flowers

C. It is a sad season, but you can try to make it happy.

D.That is the way you can use to lighten yourself.

E. Keep a chocolate bar in your pocket.

F. For many people ,late autumn can be a season of gloom and depression. Autumn always gives

    us a beautiful scene.