问题 综合题

(20分)政治改革牵一发而动全身,选官制度变革对政治建设影响深远。阅读材料,回答问题。  

材料一 三代用人,世族之弊,贵以袭贵,贱以袭贱,与封建并起于上古,皆不公之大者。……秦汉以后公族虽更而世袭尚不全革,九品中正之弊,至于上品无寒门,下品无世族……至宋、明而始尽变其辙焉,虽所以教之未尽其道,而用人之制,则三代私而后世公也。

——魏源《魏源集》

(1)分析材料一中宋、明“尽变其辙”的含义及其意义。(8分)

材料二 这个制度(科举制)在1905年被废除,废除的直接动因是认为这套制度不再适合新式人才的培养需要。但科举制被废除以后,清政府并没有建立起一套新的精英选拔制度来代替它。中国20世纪上半叶的动荡也与此相关。……打响辛亥革命第一枪的是那些青年军官们,他们本来应该在科举的道路上攀爬,但因为科举制被废除,他们只能进军事学校,并在后来成为辛亥革命的重要推动力。

——许纪霖《废科举引发20世纪中国大变局》

材料三 清末人却一意想变法,把此制度(科举制)也连根拔去。民国以来,政府用人,便全无标准,人事奔竞,派系倾轧,结党营私,偏枯偏荣,种种病象,指不胜屈。

——钱穆《中国历史上之考试制度》

(2)科举制废除的动因是什么?试结合材料二、三谈谈科举制的废除在当时产生的社会影响。(8分)

(3)综合上述材料,你对政治制度的建设有何认识?(4分)

答案

(1)含义:打破原来重世袭、门第的选官标准,进一步发展了科举制(2分)

意义:选官制度更趋向公平、公正;扩大了统治的社会基础,提高了官吏的素质;加强了中央集权。(6分)

(2)动因:清代科举考试不适合新式,人才的培养,失去了为清王朝服务的功能。(2分)

评价:一方面有利于新式教育的发展,培养新式人才。另一方面,新的选拔制度的缺陷加剧了政治动荡,加速了辛亥革命的爆发;也导致民国政治乱象丛生。(6分)

(3)政治制度建设要适时创新发展;新旧制度的更替需要有效衔接。(4分)

题目分析:(1)含义:材料一中提到了“三代用人”、“秦汉以后”的用人制度,实际上认为这些时代用人制度体现了“ 世袭”的特点,或者说虽有改变,但是仍有贵族公卿一直享有较高政治地位的现象,而宋明则是“尽变其辙”,结合所学宋明时代的选官制度应该是科举制,所以其含义即可得出了。意义则需要谈科举制的意义即可。

动因:可结合材料二中的“废除的直接动因是认为这套制度不再适合新式人才的培养需要”和清政府废除应该主要是为清政府的需要服务这两个层面回答即可。评价:需要一分为二去评价,既要看到科举制废除是因为“不再适合新式人才的培养需要”这一进步性,也要看到材料二、三中所提到的“因为科举制被废除,他们只能进军事学校,并在后来成为辛亥革命的重要推动力”、“民国以来,政府用人,便全无标准,人事奔竞,派系倾轧,结党营私,偏枯偏荣,种种病象,指不胜屈”等信息所反映出来的不利影响。

认识:题目要求“综合上述材料”来谈制度建设的认识,根据上述材料可以看出科举制废除是因为“不再适合新式人才的培养需要”所以可以得出制度建设要与时俱进;根据材料二、三所体现出来的科举制废除没有及时确立新的选官制度,导致社会动荡等信息,可以得出废除旧制度要提前谋划建立新的制度,以实现有效衔接,以避免出现社会动荡,维护社会稳定和发展。

阅读理解

There is an English saying: “Laughter is the best medicine.” Until recently, few people took the saying seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to look into (调查) laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found that laughter really can improve people’s health. Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart beating and breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial (有益的).

Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group that tolerated (忍受) the pain for the longest time was the groups which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemicals in the brain which reduce both stress (紧张;压力) and pain.

As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics (诊所), in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.

小题1:The underlined phrase “took the saying seriously” in the first paragraph probably means “________”.

A.treat the saying as important

B.treat the saying as interesting

C.treat the saying as dangerous

D.treat the saying as funny小题2:The main idea of the passage is _______.

A.laughter and physical exercises have similar effects on the human body

B.smile can produce the same effects as laughter

C.pain can be reduced by laughter

D.laughter is the best medicine小题3:Doctors hold laughter clinics _______.

A.to give better condition to their patients

B.in order to improve patients’ health

C.to make patients smile

D.to prove smile and laughter have the same effect

单项选择题