问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,完成下列各小题

中国近代一些“革命”知识分子认为,资本主义市场经济使劳动力成为商品,成为一个一无所有的、只能靠出卖自己劳动力为生的无产者,这是资本家剥削工人、资本主义制度必然灭亡的铁证。因此,在中国尚未摆脱封建主义的人身依附关系,市场经济制度刚刚萌芽,中国人尚不知道“资本主义”为何物的历史背景下,就提出了消灭封、,资、修的“革命有理”或“造反有理”的口号。这种司空见惯的“理论”是对历史进步的严重误解。事实上,劳动力成为商品,成为可以自由出卖自己的劳动产品或劳动力的劳动者,正是社会进步的标志,是人们摆脱封建农奴制度的人身依附关系,成为自由、平等的市场经济人的必要条件。这也正是市场经济制度能够产生并促进社会生产力迅猛发展的关键所在。在个人可以自由出卖自己的劳动产品或劳动力的条件下,人们才可以自由谋生,自主择业,自主经营,实行互利交换,从而才能形成市场经济制度以及与之相适应的“为己不损人”的人格道德和“为己互利”的经济道德。这种利己不损人的道德正是符合人类个体本性和社会正义的“互爱、互利”的道德,因而,它不仅可以称为“合理利己主义”,更应该称为“合理利他主义”,一种更能体现社会正义的、互利全赢的利他主义。

事实上,只有在这种“利己不损人”的市场经济关系中,人们才能够摆脱封建制度的人身依附关系,而成为一个独立自主的劳动者或经营者。随着市场经济的发展,工业化程度的提高,社会生产资料已经不仅仅表现为土地和简单的加工工具,而是包含着巨额社会财富积累的大型工业设备。这就是用于社会再生产的社会资本。这些社会资本是全体人的社会财富,也是全体人实现再生产和持续生活的生命线。因此如何保证这些社会资本的不断增值就成为摆在人类面前必须回答的问题。这个问题的实质是,社会资本应当由私人企业家管理,还是归国家管理?西方伦理学和新老古典经济学回答是,只有将这些社会资本交给那些具有竞争性的私人企业家管理才是最有效率的。因为他们不仅具有管理企业的经验,而且面对私有产权的“预算硬约束”和市场竞争的压力,使他们不得不以最大利润为目标来保证社会资本的不断增值。否则,这些企业家就必须由别人取代。而中国革命者却不假思索地回答说:只有将土地和社会资本收归国有,由国家代表全体人民进行计划管理,才是公平合理的。至于是否有效率,则不在考虑之列。

(节选自王国乡《求解伦理学难题》)

1.下列对“合理利己主义”的理解,不正确的一项是                              (   )

A.“合理利己主义”是在人们可以自由谋生,自主择业,自主经营,实行互利交换的条件下形成的。

B.“合理利己主义”可以表现为两种道德:一是“为己不损人”的人格道德,一是“为已互利”的经济道德。

C.“合理利己主义”是符合人类个体本性和社会正义的“互爱、互利”的道德,它更是体现社会正义,互利全赢的利他主义。

D.“合理利己主义”更恰当的名称是“合理利他主义”,它实现了人性解放,使人们摆脱了封建的人身依附关系。

2.下列各项关于文章的表述,符合原文意思的一项是                              (   )

A.市场经济能否产生并促进社会生产力迅猛发展的关键在于劳动者能否成为可以自由出卖自己的劳动产品或劳动力的劳动者。

B.中国近代一些“革命”知识份子提出消灭封、资、修的口号是对历史进步的严重误解,这种误解是因为不知道“资本主义”为何物。

C.管理企业的经验、私有产权的“预算硬约束”和市场竞争的压力使私人企业家极具市场竞争性。

D.只要在市场经济关系中,贯彻了“利己不损人”的观念,人们就能够摆脱封建制度的人身依附关系。

3.根据原文信息,下列各项推断中不正确的一项是                                (   )

A.“合理利己主义”是适应市场经济制度而产生的,因此在奴隶社会和封建社会中都不大可能产生“合理利己主义”。

B.在社会生产资料的管理问题上,西方伦理学和新老古典经济学认为,国家的管理不如具有竞争性的私人企业家管理有效率。

C.封建社会比奴隶社会进步的依据之一是:劳动力成为商品,成为完全摆脱人身依附关系的劳动者。

D.作者:在文章中对中国革命者在社会生产资料的管理上的观点表达了不同的看法。

答案

阅读理解

The government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.

  What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust(蝗虫). In recent months, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal seedbed for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.

  All ﹩150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated ﹩3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.

  On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.

小题1:The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ______.

A.the command post is stationed with people all the time.

B.the command post is crowded with people all the time.

C.there are clocks around the command post.

D.the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.小题2: The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ______.

A.rich soil.

B.wet land

C.paces covered crops and vegetation

D.the Red Sea小题3: People are alert at the threat of the locust because ______.

A.the insects are likely to create another African famine.

B.the insects may blacken the sky.

C.the number of the insects increases drastically.

D.the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.小题4:Which of the following is true?

A.Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.

B.Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.

C.Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.

D.Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicals by the end of June.小题5: The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ______.

A.to devise anti-locust plans.

B.to wipe out the swarms in two years.

C.to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.

D.to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.

单项选择题