问题 问答题 论述题

试分析绝缘材料的老化现象及影响老化的原因。

答案

参考答案:绝缘材料在长期运行过程中不可避免地会发生许多物理变化和化学变化,从而使其机电性能逐渐变坏,这一现象通常称为绝缘的老化。一般绝缘的老化发生在有机材料中。导致绝缘老化的物理变化有:材料内低分子物的挥发,复合材料中组分的相对位移,绝缘变脆开裂或变形、变色等。化学变化有:电解、氧化、新物质的产生等。

导致绝缘老化的原因很多,主要有热、电与机械力的作用,其他还有诸如水分、氧化、辐射与微生物等因素的作用使之变质。而且这些因素又是相互影响、相互促进的,从而加速了材料的老化过程。

绝缘的热老化:任何一种绝缘材料都有其允许最高工作温度,在低于该温度的条件下运行,材料可能有较长的寿命。如果绝缘材料温度超过材料的最高允许工作温度,将会使其工作寿命大大缩短。

绝缘的电老化:

(1)原因:绝缘材料的电老化主要由局部放电引起,局部放电往往又伴随着产生化学老化。放电产生的电子或离子,在电场力的作用下撞击材料内部的高分子键,使之破坏。放电时产生的紫外线等辐射线也可以破坏材料内高分子键的结构。放电能量有一部分转化为热能,如果热量在材料内不易散发,不断积累的热量可使材料温度升得很高,造成热老化。局部放电可使空气中的氧和氮形成臭氧和硝酸等物质,它们具有强烈的氧化作用使材料发生化学变质。

(2)速度:绝缘材料的种类、绝缘的结构形式、绝缘所承受的电场强度、温度、相对湿度、机械力等因素都会影响绝缘老化的速度。

完形填空

第二节 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A man’s best friend may become his enemy. His children that he has_____16____with loving care may show no thanks. Those who are ____17_____to us, those whom we trust with our happiness____18_____turn against their faith. The money that a man has, he may___19_____.It flies from him, perhaps when he needs it _____20______.A man’s reputation(名誉) may be lost in a moment of ill-considered_____21_____. The people who would prefer to fall on their knees to do us honour when success is with us may be ____22____ to throw the stone malice(敌意) when failure settles upon our heads.

The one absolutely(绝对地)____23_____friend that man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts(遗弃) him is his_____24_____. A man’s dog stands by him____25____he is rich or poor, healthy or sick. He will sleep on the cold ground,____26_____the wintry winds blow and the snow drives hard,____27____he may be near his master’s side. He will _____28____the hand that has no food to offer. He guards the sleep of his poor master as if he ___29_____ a prince. When all other friends desert him , the dog_____30____. When reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant(不断的) in his love as the sun in its journey _____31_____the heavens.

If the master becomes friendless and homeless,____32____the faithful dog asks for is to be with him. And when___33___ takes his master in its embrace(拥抱) and his body____34___away in the cold ground, there by the graveside(墓边) will the dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but ____35______in watchfullness, faithful and true even in death.

16. A. brought out   B. brought up        C. brought in       D. brought on

17.  A. nearest       B. most useful        C. most important   D. strangest

18.  A. must         B. have to           C. may            D. should

19  A. keep         B. Use             C. earn            D. lose

20.  A. more        B. most             C. better           D. very

21.  A. action       B. thought           C. movement       D. mind

22.  A. first         B. last              C. latest           D. newest

23.  A. close       B. selfish           C. kind             D. unselfish

24.  A. wife         B. dog             C. himself          D. brother

25.  A. whether      B. even though      C. although         D. whenever

26.  A. there        B. because          C. where          D. which

27.  A.as long as     B. even if          C. so that           D. though

28.  A. eat          B. take            C. kiss             D. shake

29.  A. is           B. were            C. had been        D. would be

30.  A. leaves       B. cries            C. remains         D. disappears

31.  A  into        B. on              C. out of          D. through

32.  A. why         B. which           C. how           D. what

33.  A. birth        B. life              C. death          D. kindness

34.  A. lay         B. is lain            C. is laying         D. is laid

35.  A. closed       B. open            C. shut             D. Opened

填空题