问题 单项选择题

建设工程的目标控制通常表现为( )循环过程。

A.周期性的无限
B.周期性的有限
C.非周期性的无限
D.非周期性的有限

答案

参考答案:B

解析: 由于建设工程的建设周期长,在工程实施过程中所受到的风险因素很多,因而实际状况偏离目标和计划的情况经常发生,往往出现投资增加、工期拖延、工程质量和功能未达到预定要求等问题。这就需要在工程实施过程中,通过对目标、过程和活动的跟踪,全面、及时、准确地掌握有关信息,将工程实际状况与目标和计划进行比较。而任何控制措施都不可能一劳永逸;原有的矛盾和问题解决了,还会出现新的矛盾和问题,需要不断地进行控制,这就是动态控制原理。上述控制流程是一个不断循环的过程,直至工程建成交付使用,因而建设工程的目标控制是一个有限循环过程。
对于建设工程目标控制系统来说,由于收集实际数据、偏差分析、制定纠偏措施都主要是由目标控制人员来完成,都需要时间,这些工作不可能同时进行并在瞬间内完成,因而其控制实际上表现为周期性的循环过程。

阅读理解

阅读理解.

     Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before

it can fly, flies like a fat chicken,eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws

on its wings when young.They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important

feature (特征) for the safety of the young.It is called the hoatzin.

     In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back

and cream and red on the underside.The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the

top,bright red eyes, and blue skin.Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos.Its

most striking feature, though, is only found in the young.

     Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of

each wing tip.Using these four claws,together with the beak(喙),they can climb about in the

bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done.The hoatzins, however, live

in the modern world.

     During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in

groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April,when the rainy season begins, they collect together in

smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.

     When danger comes in the form of a snake or a monkey, the young hoatzins-maybe

three in one family-jump over the side and into the river.They swim about under the water

until it is safe to return and then, using their claws, lift themselves up through the branches

and get back home.When they have learned to fly they lose their claws and escape enemies

not by swimming but by flying off, in a slow and heavy way, to a neighbouring tree.

1.What is the text mainly about?

A.Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.

B.The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.

C.Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.

D.The appearance and living habits of hoatzins.

2.Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that________.

A.they look like young cuckoos

B.they have claws on the wings

C.they eat a lot like a cow

D.they live on river banks

3.What can we infer about primitive birds from the text?

A.They had claws to help them climb.

B.They could fly long distances.

C.They had four wings like hoatzins.

D.They had a head with long feathers on the top.

4.Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?

A.To find more food.

B.To protect themselves better.

C.To keep themselves warm.

D.To produce their young.

翻译题