问题 单项选择题

Ⅳ、Ⅴ类围岩的石质隧道施工一般宜采用( )开挖。

A.全断面开挖法

B.上下导坑先拱后墙法

C.正台阶法

D.漏斗棚架法

答案

参考答案:A

阅读理解与欣赏

中国的桃花文化

  桃花,作为一种自然物,本来不具有“文化”的涵义。但是,桃花以它俏丽的色彩、缤纷的落英触动了中国人的某种情绪和情感,被渗透,融汇了审美主体的心理因素,并且作为人们共同认可的一种信息载体,世世代代承袭相传,于是,如同中国的“梅文化”、“ 菊文化”一样,“桃花”也成为我们民族集体记忆和心理深层的积淀物,形成了中国的“ 桃花文化”。

  中国的“桃花文化”和女性有不解之缘。早在先秦的《诗经·周南》中,就有一首关于桃花的诗。“桃之夭夭”,描写茂盛、火红的桃花,并用桃花来比喻年轻美貌的女子。春秋时代,息国的国君夫人息妫容貌美丽,被人称作“桃花夫人”。唐代的崔护在京都郊游,邂逅一少女,次年再访,人去桃花在,崔护感伤不已,题诗慨叹,“人面桃花相映红”一句就成了千古名诗。还有清初孔尚任的著名悲剧《桃花扇》,曹雪芹在《红楼梦》里为有黛玉葬花写的《葬花辞》和《桃花行》。源远流长的桃花文化,从古代《诗经》一直唱到今天那桃花盛开的大江南北。

  在中国,“桃花文化”是非常普遍的一种文化现象,在民间吉祥喜庆活动,特别是恋爱、婚姻这类人生喜庆之事里,桃花是“尚红”礼俗的主要角色。桃花坞、桃花酒、桃花运,包含“桃花”一词的人名地名更是不胜枚举。我国由历史沿袭形成众多的桃花观赏景点,早春二月,人们踏青采撷归来,多是几枝早开的桃花。至于与桃树桃花桃实相关的文化现象,几乎无处不在:传说桃都山有一巨大的桃树叫“桃都”,上有天鸡,天鸡一叫,天下的雄鸡也跟着叫。在中国神话中,仙桃又是长寿的象征,神话中的王母娘娘有“蟠桃宴”。桃树可家植于屋前舍后,更多的是漫山野生,人们又用“桃李满天下”比喻老师的学生之多……

  那么,中国桃花文化为何如此独特呢?

  桃花文化,反映了中国文人的自然观。大自然最美的季节是万物复生、欣欣向荣的春天,中国文人对春天倾注了十分炽热的情感,“咏春”的诗文特别发达。而春天又美在桃花盛开的时节,于是,自我们所能见到的《诗经》始,铺陈春景,不能不写桃花。永恒的自然界,极富生命力的桃花,激发了中国文人的艺术想象力和热爱生活的心愿。中国文人把自然界的桃花作为自己的生命、自己的本质力量和自己情感意识的对应物加以抒写。他们借桃花歌颂自然美、劳动美、创造美,表达对永恒自然和永恒生命的向往。

  桃花文化还渗透着“儒与庄禅互补”的文化精神。“达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身” 是中国文人两种相互依存、相互转化的文化心理。一方面,他们要身体力行,去实现儒家 “修身齐家治国平天下”、“经世致用”的人生理想;另一方面,由于现实不断击碎他们的理想之梦,于是造成了他们的失落心理,他们只好“穷则独善其身”,寄情山水,回归田园,在庄禅的境界中求得精神上的休憩和解脱。于是,陶渊明的《桃花源记》,为他自己,也为与他一样的失意文人创造了一个虚幻的理想世界。桃花源作为中国文人的精神栖息之所,世世代代吸引着文人学士,形成了他们的“桃花源情结”。他们并不是不知道桃花源之不可寻,他们寻找桃花源,几乎与屈原的《天问》一样,上升为一种探索宇宙、社会和人生哲学的思维模式。

1.根据文意,下列说法错误的一项是[ ]

A.“桃花文化”贯穿了中国文学艺术发展的全过程,尤其在表现女性方面。

B.“桃花文化”源远流长,代代沿袭,从先秦到今天,以至将来绵绵不绝。

C.中国文人虽有“经世治国”的人生理想,但是现实往往击碎他们的理想之梦,所以他们对桃花就有了一种特殊的情结。

D.独特的中国“桃花文化”反映了中国文人对自然和社会的一种思考和认识。

2.根据文意,不符合中国“桃花文化”形成条件的一项是[ ]

A.桃花具有一种自然物的观赏价值。

B.桃花俏丽的色彩和缤纷的落英会使人触景生情,产生丰富的联想。

C.人们用比喻、象征手法,把审美情感寄托于桃花,使其成为一种共同认可的移情物。

D.在具备了以上条件之后,中国的“桃花文化”才有可能逐渐形成。

3.第三段写桃花文化在民间有哪些现象?体现了中国人怎样一种愿望?

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完形填空

阅读下面短文并回答问题,然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上(请注意每题词数要求)。

In the spring of 2013, Carly Zalenski's eyes were filled with tears as the dusty bus ran down a dirt road in southern Vietnam. The 14-year-old girl and her family had traveled by plane from Canton, Ohio, to Ho Chi Minh City and then by bus deep into the Mekong Delta. Now, as they approached the village, hundreds of cheering schoolchildren lined the entrance to the Hoa Lac School, a two-story concrete building that Carly had raised money for.

Carly started helping others when she was eight, handing out Thanksgiving baskets at church to families in need. It was a snowy day, and she saw that one girl was wearing a pair of broken shoes and others didn't have warm coats. The next November, she went door-to-door asking for used coats, hats, gloves, and scarves, and then handed them out with the baskets.

But Carly wanted to do more - she wanted to "change lives," she says. She remembered that her grandmother's Rotary club had, years earlier, raised money to build a school in Vietnam. That was it, she decided. She'd build a school, too.

She put together a PowerPoint presentation on the people and culture of Vietnam. At 12, hardly able to see over the platform, she gave her first fund-raising speech. She spoke with enthusiasm" The kids in rural Vietnam don't have good schools, " she told a room of 200 Rotarians. "That's not fair. I want to raise money and improve the school condition to make their lives better. "

In two years, Carly set off with her family across Ohio, visiting three or four Rotary clubs a week. "We traveled like crazy people to all these meetings," recalled her mother, Kris.

Finally, Carly raised $ 50,000, which was matched by the Vietnam Children's Fund. At the donation ceremony in Hoa Lac, the school principal was impressed with the ninth grader. "How wonderful," he said through a translator, "that a girl wanted to do something for kids of her age so far away. "

小题1:In which year was Carly born? (Within 2 words)

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小题2:Why did Carly once collect used clothes from door to door? (Within 12 words)

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小题3:What made Carly determine to build a school in Vietnam? (Within 10 words)

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小题4:How did Carly help the kids in rural Vietnam when she was 12? (Within 5 words)

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小题5:What does the school principal in Hoa Lac think of Carly? (Within 6 words)

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