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（1）在做观察蚯蚓的运动的实验时，将蚯蚓放在粗糙的纸上和平滑的玻璃板上，发现蚯蚓在______上运动的速度要快，在观察过程中，应经常用浸水的湿棉球轻擦蚯蚓体表使体表保持湿润，这样做的目的是______．

（2）在实验中我们是以蚯蚓的______位置来判断蚯蚓的前后端．

答案

（1）蚯蚓的运动就是依靠纵、环肌的交互舒缩及体表的刚毛的配合而完成的．当蚯蚓前进时，身体后部的刚毛钉人士内不动，这时环肌收缩，纵肌舒张，身体就向前伸，接着身体前端的刚毛钉入土内不动，这时纵肌收缩、环肌舒张，身体向前缩短而前进．蚯蚓是通过身体肌肉的伸缩和刚毛的配合运动的，在光滑的玻璃上，刚毛无法固定和支撑身体，因此蚯蚓在粗糙纸面上的运动速度比它在光滑的玻璃板上的运动速度要快．蚯蚓呼吸的是空气中的氧气．氧气先溶解在体壁的粘液里，然后渗透到体壁内的毛细血管中的血液里，血液中的二氧化碳也通过体壁排出体外．因此蚯蚓是用湿润的体壁进行呼吸的，呼吸的是空气中的氧气．在实验过程中，随时用沾水的棉球轻擦蚯蚓的身体，其目的是保持蚯蚓的体表湿润，维持其正常的呼吸．
（2）蚯蚓身体细长约由100多个体节组成．前段稍尖，后端稍圆，在前端有一个分节不明显的环带．前端离环带近约13个体节，后端离环带远，因此蚯蚓的前、后端可以直接确定，
（1）粗糙的纸上；维持其正常的呼吸；

（2）环带位置．

填空题

Seasick Try Controlling Your Breathing


If you get seasick easily, you may prepare for boat rides with pressure-point bracelets, ginger, or a prescription skin patch. (1) The technique presumably works because it helps control gravity sensors in the abdomen-a lesser-known input to our fine-tuned balance system.
(2) The inner ears sense motions of the head; the eyes see where the head is; and tiny sensory organs in muscles and tendons sense where the rest of the body is. More recently, researchers have realized that sensors in many other parts of the body also play a role: in the abdomen, the lower organs, and even blood vessels. (3) But if one or two don’t match up, the brain gets confused and we become nauseated.
Scientists knew the most sickening motions closely match the rate of natural breathing; they also knew that people naturally tend to breathe in time with a motion. (4)
Researchers from Imperial College London enlisted 26 volunteers to sit in a tilting, rocking flight simulator and coordinate their breathing in various ways with the motion. (5) The natural tendency was for volunteers to inhale on every backward tilt, in rhythm with the rocking. (6) They felt even better if they breathed slightly faster or slower than the cyclic heaving of the chair; using that technique, the time until onset of nausea was 50% longer than during normal breathing.
(7) Abdominal sensors are known to send motion signals to the brain more slowly than those in the inner ear because they’re farther away from the brain and because abdominal organs have more mass, which means they resist movement a tiny bit longer. (8) But if the diaphragm opposes gravity-induced stomach motions with controlled breaths, there is less sensory conflict and less nausea. "This technique is very good for mild everyday challenges," says medical research scientist Michael Gresty, a member of the study team. "it’s completely safe, and it’s not a drug."
A. But if the subjects exhaled on every backward tilt, they didn’t get sick as quickly.
B. As long as all of these sensors send matching signals to the brain, we feel oriented.
C. Now there’s one more remedy: timing your breathing to counteract the nauseating motion.
D. So why do these tactics work
E. The brain is traditionally thought to sense body position in three ways.
F. The time lag between the two types of sensors creates a mismatch that builds up in the brain and makes us gradually sicker, the researchers say.
G. The tests lasted up to 30 minutes, or until subjects felt moderately sick.
H. But no one had ever tested whether breathing out of time with a motion could prevent nausea.
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单项选择题

通常，供热系统由热源、（）和供热管网3部分组成。

A、锅炉

B、换热器

C、循环泵

D、热用户
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