问题 问答题

简要论述温病学说的形成与发展。

答案

参考答案:

解析:中医学所讲的温病是多种外感急性热病的总称,包括了传染性与非传染性两大类,而主要是前者。“温病”一词,首见于《素问·六元正纪大论》。历代都有关于温病的论述,它们为温病学说从伤寒学说中区分出来,走向独立发展的道路奠定了基础。在创立中医传染病学——温病学说做出杰出贡献的是明末著名医家吴有性。清代医家叶桂、薛雪、吴瑭、王士雄等人,则为温病学说的进一步发展、成熟分别做出程度不等的贡献。①吴有性,于1642年编著《温疫论》,为温病学说创立起到奠基作用。他的最大贡献就温疫病的致病原因,提出“戾气学说”。科学地预见了传染病的主要传染途经是从“口鼻而入”,突破了前人关于“外邪伤人皆从皮毛而入”的笼统观点。吴有性指出,温疫有强烈的传染性,人类的疫病和禽兽的瘟疫是由不同的戾气所引起的。吴有性还指出“戾气”也是一切外科感染疾患的病因,他还正确论断,戾气是物质性的,其所导致的疾病同样可用物质的药物治愈。②叶桂著《温热捡》,《温热论》对温病学说的最大贡献是指温病传变的规律,温病发病一般要经过卫、气、营、血四个由浅入深的阶段。叶桂对温病学说作出的最大贡献是建立了卫气营血辨证作为温病辨证论治的纲领。③薛雪撰《湿热条辨》1卷,此书是湿热病的专著,开温病学说中专门病证研究的先河。他指出,湿热病发作的轻重与脾胃的盛衰关系密切。薛雪对湿热病的发病机理、证候演变、审证要点及辨证论治作了较全面的论述,为温病学说的深入发展作出了贡献。④吴瑭撰《温病条辨》;吴瑭将温病分为9种:风温、温热、温疫、温毒、暑温、湿温、秋燥、冬温、温疟。认为温疫只是9种温病之一,具有强烈的传染性,而其他8种,则可从季节及疾病表现上加以区分。由此确定了温病学说的研究范围。他提出温病的三焦辨证,把温病传变与脏腑病机联系起来,补充和完善了叶桂的卫气营血辨证。⑤王士雄先后撰《霍乱论》和编述《温热经纬》。在《霍乱论》书中,把霍乱区分为时疫霍乱和非时疫霍乱两类。《温热经纬》的特殊见解是把温病分成新感和伏邪两大类。明清时期,对温病学说发展作出贡献的还有汪机、戴天章、余霖等众多医家。⑥温病学说在明清时期的形成与发展,标志着中医传染病学的初步建立。它既是新的社会条件的产物,也是该时期众多医家尊重实践,勇于开拓创新的成果。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Like all the huge metropolises of the world, there are lots of diversions both outdoors and indoors in Chicago. The Art Institute of Chicago has one of the world’s (1) art collections, including more French Impressionist paintings than even in the Paris Louvre itself. The Field Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Science and Industry are also great historical and cultural treasure houses to (2) as well as entertain children and adults (3) In the Field Museum one comes (4) a surprisingly big collection of Chinese exhibits from the ancient (5) to the early century. The Sears Tower and the Buckingham Fountain are the pride of the Chicagoans; (6) having 110 storeys is said to be the highest tower in the world and the (7) is the largest fountain in the United States. Lake Michigan is for yachting in summer time, (8) the highlights of Chicago life all the year round are concerts, operas and plays (9) by the city’s orchestra, opera houses and theatres. In summer, especially around the Independence Day, July 4th, many festivals and fairs are given outdoors, which, (10) crowds and crowds of people, with their parades, fireworks, (11) concerts, water-skiing and good foods.

But with all its attractions and beautiful spots Chicago is also a city (12) for crimes. All the dwelling houses are (13) with three doors and visitors have to speak through microphone (14) in the wall to the residents before they can get admitted. In the streets there are white-color telephones. When one finds oneself (15) , he needs only to knock the receiver (16) the hook and the next instant the police will (17) . If one does not drive a car, it may well be dangerous for him or her to go out alone in the evening. At first I did not take this warning seriously. (18) , my two encounters with the Black people (19) dusk in the neighborhood were so unpleasant and frightening that I have (20) shut myself evenings in my room, in almost all studying, imposing a curfew on myself.

3()

A.alike

B.both

C.like

D.either