问题 问答题 简答题

简述细胞因子测定的意义和复杂性。

答案

参考答案:

细胞因子的测定在免疫学、细胞和分子生物学的基础研究,揭示某些疾病的发生发展机制,以及某些疾病的诊断及治疗指导上具有重要的应用价值。其测定方法可根据针对的细胞因子表达分泌的阶段的表型测定及分泌后的功能测定而分为分子生物学测定方法、免疫测定方法和生物学测定方法三大类。三种方法之间相互关联,互为补充,但不能完全替代。细胞因子的种类较多,在体内表现为一个高度复杂的细胞因子网络,相互作用以使机体免疫系统得到控制和维持。故而一种细胞因子常具有功能多样性,不同细胞因子的功能相互之间可能会有重叠。因此,对于特定的细胞因子的测定,单纯依靠功能测定特异性较差,常需要采用上述多种方法综合分析。

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任务型阅读 (10分)

Moscow is the capital of Russian. The city has a long history and was founded more than 850 years ago. Moscow became the center of a unified (统一的) Russian country in the 15th century. ①One hundred years later it had grown into the capital of a strong kingdom.

For most of eight centuries, the Kremlin, at the very heart of Moscow, has been the seat of power (权力宝座) for the emperors and most recent presidents. For Western people, the round roofs of ST. Basil’s Cathedral have become the symbol of Russia. Around this center, there are a lot of high buildings. However, some older classical houses and impressive structures, such as the Bolshoi Theater are well kept here.

②21世纪,俄罗斯正在迅速发展。Although the Russians are paying more attention to the protection of most of the old structures, they are also creating new wonders in the form of buildings, shopping malls, and churches. ③Many of them are designed in both the ancient and modern Russian styles, especially in central Moscow.

根据短文内容,完成下列任务。

1. When was the city of Moscow founded according to the passage?

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2. What is the symbol of Russia in Western people’s eyes?

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3. 请将①处的英语翻译成汉语。_________________________________________________

4. 请将②处的汉语翻译成英语。_________________________________________________

5. 用“Russians”作主语,改写③处的句子,句意不变。

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