阅读下文，按要求回答问题

　　“享受”这个词，在很长一段时间是被当做贬义词使用的。随着年纪增长，阅历增多，才知道这样理解未免狭窄。人来到世界上，美好的生命只有一次，而且内容无限，你就是抓紧享用也只能仅得其中的一部分。老作家孙犁见几个年轻人在泰山极顶不欣赏风光，却围坐在一块巨石上大打扑克，他感叹道：扑克何处不能打？这泰山风光却能享受几回？你看，这讲的不是享受自然吗？     

　　其实享受自然只是人生的一部分。生命中值得享受的东西很多很多。比如享受知识，享受艺术，享受刺激，享受情感，享受成功，享受环境，享受安宁，享受休闲，享受精神，享受孤独等等。生命之花就是靠这许多的享受来供养的，但事实上许多人一辈子也没有能够享受到生活的全部内容或最主要的内容。生命是博大丰富的，可享受的东西无穷之多；生命又是很短暂的，许多有意义的东西稍纵即去。   

　　当然，那种 剥削、占有、挥霍式的享受，是最低级而不入流的。我们这里讨论的是全面的享受，它实际是对生活的认识、开发和利用。要达到这种境界，有两个前提。一是勇气，就是对生活的勇气。鲁迅说“直面人生”，古人说“舍我其谁”，现代人说“潇洒走一回”，这些都是说对生活要有勇气。对生命没有信心的人，不热爱生活的人，是不可能享受生命之果的。望高峰而却步，就看不到极顶风光；将出海而收帆，就体会不到惊涛骇浪。二是创造，生命之身是父母赠予的，而生命的意义却全靠后天开发。可以说，你有多少创造，就有多少享受。马克思、牛顿等人分别提出了一个新学说，开辟了一个新领域，创造了一片新世界。因此，他们生命中就有了一种特别的滋味，就多了一份特殊的享受。我们这些常人是无论如何难以得到的。这么说来，“享受生命”这句话又是多么沉重，就像说“我要登上珠穆朗玛峰”，不是随便哪一个人都敢开口说出的。但这种在高峰处的风光毕竟有人能享受到，它确实是生命的一部分。爱因斯坦、达尔文、爱迪生等人，当他们伟大的发现完成时，都说过类似的话：现在生与死对我都无所谓了。就是那些壮志未酬、行将赴死的勇士，如布鲁诺、文天祥等，他们将生命的炸弹作最后一掷，爆出无限的光热，通过凤凰涅槃得到了永生。他们不但生时享受事业之乐、理想之乐，身后还永享历史之功和人格之尊。     

　　追求物质的进步和精神的自由是人类生存奋斗的最基本目标。我们劳动，斗争，牺牲，就是为了能在行动之后享受幸福的结果。但幸福又是个动态的东西，如想要独立高峰，就只有一座接一座地攀登，才能一次又一次地享受。可是我们常犯的错误是，当登临一个山顶时，除了擦汗、喘气，却常忽略了这山的美丽，忘记欣赏脚下的林海，悬崖上的山花，还有天边的流云。这种享受若不经意便转瞬消失，若再无追求，也就再没有新的享受。但是请别忘记，造物者同时又制定了一条铁的规律，生命只有一次，并且时间有限。所以我们对生命的享受 不会那么从容，也不会没完没了。生命是一根甘蔗，甜甜的，吃一口就少一截。让我们好好地珍惜它，细细地品味它，尽情地享受它。（选自《时文精粹》，有改动）

1、用文中原句说说“享受人生”的意思。

答：___________________________。

2、文中说“剥削、占有、挥霍式的享受，是最低级而不入流的享受。”这样的“享受”，你还能举出两例吗？

答：__________________________。

3、作者说，真正享受人生的一个前提是对生活的勇气，请你为这个观点补充一个事实论据。

答：__________________________。

4、作者所倡导的“享受”和我们平时讲的对衣食住行的“享受”有什么本质的不同？

答：__________________________。

The Development of Cities

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern（现代文明之前）era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.

Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate（财产）subdivision（细分再分的部分）there proceeded much faster than population growth.

小题1:With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

A Types of mass transportation.

B Instability of urban life.

C How supply and demand determine land use.

D The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

小题2:Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

A To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

B To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

C To show mass transportation changed many cities.

D To contrast their rate of growth.

小题3:According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

A It was expensive.

B It happened too slowly.

C It was unplanned.

D It created a demand for public transportation.

小题4:The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,

A that is large.

B that is used as a model for land development.

C where the development of land exceeded population growth.

D with an excellent mass transportation system.