问题 单项选择题

消费者选择提前消费或延迟消费,与( )无直接关系。

A.消费者偏好

B.消费者剩余

C.消费者对未来的预期收入

D.市场利率状况

答案

参考答案:B

解析:
准确地表达,这里的“提前消费”应该说成“当前消费”。经济学认为,个人消费的目的是力求能在其一生的期间内获得最大的效用。面对这样一个艰巨的使命,消费者当前的可用资源必定是有限的。因此,消费者就面临着一个既定资源的跨期配置问题。换个说法,就是将当前可支配的资源是用于消费抑或投资的权衡抉择问题。若消费者已经获得了一个最优的资源跨期配置方案,亦即资源配置已经实现最优,则“延迟消费”也就是决定“投资”的另一种说法。所以,所谓“消费者选择提前消费或延迟消费”等同于说“消费者选择消费抑或投资”。
对于既定数量的资源,为在其一生的期间内获得最大的效用,消费者是选择立即用于消费抑或选择用于投资(亦即延迟消费)当然取决于消费者(跨期消费)的偏好、消费者对未来收入的预期以及市场利率的高低,但是与消费者剩余的概念没有直接的关系。因为消费者剩余指的是消费者消费商品所实际获得的福利与所实际支付的(货币)代价之间的差额。
一般来说,消费者喜欢立即消费,这应该是一个心理规律。因此,如果想让消费者延迟消费,则为保持效用水平的不降低,其未来的可消费资源量必须比当前所延迟消费的资源量更多些,以作为延迟消费的补偿。即消费的时间偏好率(效用水平相同的未来消费增量与当前消费增量之比)通常大于零。这就是投资必须获得报酬的伦理基础。显然,消费者对未来收入的预期越乐观,其投资的意愿就会越高。在投资理论中,市场利率通常被作为机会成本来理解。对于一个潜在的投资机会,如果其未来的潜在收入已经确定了,则市场利率越低,投资的预算就可以定得越高。因为任何一个投资项目的最大投资预算都等于其未来每期收入流量以市场利率折现以后的总和。
通过以上分析,则投资者在某个特定时期内的决策过程可以这样来理解:首先,该投资者必须找到所有潜在可选择的投资机会,并计算出每一个投资机会的收益率;然后再根据其资本预算的约束,按照各投资机会的收益率由高到低依次选择投资项目。如果假定投资机会可以无限细分,则投资者所选择的最后一个投资机会的毛收益率应该等于该投资者边际消费的时间偏好率。例如,假定仅考虑一年的期间,再假定某投资者认为每1元当前消费的延迟在年底至少应该收回1.2元的财富,否则其不愿意减少当前的消费,从而增加1元的投资,即假定该投资者边际消费的时间偏好率为1.2,则该投资者所选择的最后一个投资机会(即均衡投资)的毛收益率也应该等于1.2,从而该投资者的均衡投资收益率为20%。
在以投资者当前(t0)的可用财富数量为横轴,以该投资者下一期(t1)的可用资源为纵轴的坐标系中,我们将该投资者的所有可选择实物投资机会按照毛收益率的高低(由高到低)依次排列,就可以得到所谓的实物投资机会曲线(Physical Investment Line,PIL),它是一条凹向原点的曲线。在上述同一个坐标系中,假定该投资者在这期间的t0和t1两个时刻拥有无穷个潜在的可消费组合点,则能够保证同一个效用水平的那些点的轨迹就叫做跨期消费的(既定)效用无差异曲线,它是一条凸向原点的曲线。则在投资者的实物投资机会曲线与效用无差异曲线的切点处,该投资者实现最优的跨期资源配置。
现代企业大多属于股份公司制。股份公司实行代理经营,股东并不直接参与企业的日常经营和管理,这样一来,企业管理层的决策就有可能背离了股东的愿望。注意:我这里说的不是股份企业普遍存在的代理问题。代理问题的本质是,企业法人与股东作为各有其自身利益的行为主体,法人在代理股东经营企业的过程中很可能有意识地违背了股东的意愿,从而损害了股东的利益。我们这里要说的是,由于法人不可能完全了解股东的偏好,因此,法人的经营决策也可能违心地损害了股东的利益。这个时候,法人应该怎样做才能最好地符合股东的意愿呢
Jack Hirshiefer分离定理:企业法人以实现边际投资收益率等于金融市场利率的原则确定企业的最优实物投资量,进而确定t0和t1两个时间点的股息分配量;股东以实现边际消费的时间偏好率等于金融市场利率的原则确定自己的最优金融投资量,进而确定t0和t1两个时间点的消费数量。这样一来,股东也能间接实现边际投资(毛)收益率等于边际消费时间偏好率的原则,实现跨期间的效用最高,从而最终实现资源的跨期最优配置。

阅读理解

American is the country on the move. In unheard of numbers, people of all ages are exercising their way to better health. According to the latest figures, 59 percent of American adults exercise regularly—up 12 percent from just two years ago and more than double the figure of 25 years ago. Even non-exercisers believe they would be more attractive and confident if they were more active. It’s hard not to get the message. The advantages of physical fitness are shown on magazine covers, postage stamps, and television ads for everything from beauty soaps to travel books. Exercise as a part of daily life did not catch on until the late 1960s when research by military doctors began to show the good points of doing regular physical exercises. Growing publicity(宣传) for races held in American cities helped develop a strong interest in the ancient sport of running. Although running has leveled off in recent years as Americans have discovered equally helpful and sometimes safer-forms of exercise.                                                  

As the popularity of exercise continues to increase, so does scientific evidence (根据) of its health benefit. The key to fitness is exercising the major muscle group strongly enough to almost double the heart rate and keep it doubles for 20 to 30 minutes at a time. Doing such physical exercises three times or more a week will greatly improve physical health in about three months.

小题1: According to the essay, what was the percentage of American adults doing regular physical exercises two years ago?                                                                                

A.About 70%.

B.Nearly 60

C.Almost 50%.

D.More than 12%.小题2: A growing interest in sports didn’t developed until______________.                             

A.25 years ago

B.two years ago

C.the late 1960s

D.now小题3:Which of the following if the closest in meaning to underlines phrase “leveled –off”?       

A.became very popular

B.stopped being popular

C.reached its lowest level in popularity

D.stopped increasing in number小题4: It can be learnt from the passage that the good points of exercise___________.               

A.are to be proved

B.are to be further studied

C.are supported by scientific evidence

D.are self- evident小题5:Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?                              

A.Different Forms of exercise

B.Exercise——The Road to Health

C.Scientific Evidence of Health Benefit

D.Running——A Popular Form of Sport

单项选择题