问题 单项选择题

下列哪种情况中,增加货币供给不会影响均衡收入( )。

A.LM曲线陡峭,IS曲线平缓

B.LM曲线陡峭,IS曲线也陡峭

C.LM曲线平缓,IS曲线垂直

D.LM曲线和IS曲线一样平缓

答案

参考答案:C

解析: 我们通常在这样一个直角坐标系中给出IS—LM模型的几何形式:其横轴为均衡国民收入,纵轴为均衡利率。在这个坐标系中,作为所有能够满足商品供求均衡的点的轨迹,IS曲线的斜率通常为负,但在极端的情况下,例如假定投资需求与利率无关的话,IS曲线则是一条垂直于横轴的直线。 作为所有能够满足货币供求均衡的点的轨迹,在上述坐标系中,LM曲线的斜率为正。但在极端情况下,LM曲线可能垂直于横轴。这种情景也正是古典学派所预期的,因为古典学派本来就认为货币供求的变化与利率的变化之间不存在直接的关系。所以,LM曲线垂直于横轴的情景被称为古典情况。 LM曲线垂直于纵轴是另外一种极端的情景。在这种情景下,人们对流动性的偏好极端膨胀,也即人们只愿意以货币的形式持有资产,从而造成中央银行以增加货币供应的方式刺激利率下降的企图无法实现。LM曲线垂直于纵轴的情景被称为凯恩斯流动性陷阱。这是因为凯恩斯首先提出了这个概念。而且与古典学派不同,凯恩斯认为利率由货币供求决定;同时,克服经济衰退是凯恩斯所要解决的主要问题。既然要逆转经济衰退,促进增长,则通过增加货币供应的方式降低利率借以刺激投资就是一个不难想象的策略。但在经济持续衰退的时候,经常也正是市场利率已经很低,人们对证券市场的前景普遍极度悲观的时候,在这种背景下,中央银行通过实施公开市场业务,逆市操作,买进证券,借以抬升证券行市,继续降低利率的企图就很难实现。由于凯恩斯流动性陷阱很可能发生于经济极度低迷不振、利率水平已经很低的时候,所以,为逆转经济衰退,刺激经济增长,凯恩斯学派更为看重政府的财政政策,而不是货币政策。 在IS与LM两条曲线的交点处,商品市场与货币市场同时实现均衡,从而决定均衡国民收入和均衡利率的水平。均衡国民收入和均衡利率发生变动的原因必定是由于IS曲线和(或)LM曲线在坐标系中的位置发生了移动。因此,能够导致两条曲线发生位置移动的因素也就是能够促使均衡利率和均衡国民收入变动的原因。例如,货币供给的增加通常会使得LM曲线平行右移。但当LM曲线为水平线的时候例外,因为这个时候的货币政策无效。 从本题的四个选择来看,可以排除LM曲线为水平线的情景。这个时候,若仍出现货币政策无效的结果,就需考虑IS曲线的状态了。首先,IS曲线若有斜率且不等于零,则在LM曲线不出现凯恩斯流动性陷阱的条件下,货币政策不可能无效。其次,若IS曲线平行于横轴,则可能是由于下列两个原因造成的:一个原因是储蓄与国民收入水平无关,显然这有悖于凯恩斯学派的观点;另一个原因是投资对利率的变动极度敏感。因此,当投资者对经济前景极其悲观,以至于无论市场利率多么低,投资者都不愿意实施投资的时候,或者直接假定投资需求与利率无关的话,中央银行试图以增加货币供应,降低利率,进而刺激投资的愿望就会落空。而当这种情景发生的时候,IS曲线的斜率应当为垂直于横轴的直线。所以,本题应选择C。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Maybe you are an average student. You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not

necessarily so, however. Anyone can become a better scholar if he or she wants to. Here's how.

     1. Plan your time carefully. When you plan your work, you should make a list of things that you have

to do. After making the list, you should make a schedule (日程表) of your time. First your time for eating,

sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide a good, regular time for studying. Don't forget to set aside enough time

for entertainment. A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will make you realize what is

happening to your time.

     2. Find a good place to study. Look around the house for a good study area. Keep this space, which may

be a desk or simply a comer of your room, free of everything but study materials. No games, radios, or

television! When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject.

     3. Make good use of your time in class. Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teacher

says. Really listening in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher

says.

     4. Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes. Review the important points

that your teacher mentioned in class. If you know what your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read

that material. This will help you understand the next class. If you do these things regularly, the material will

become more meaningful, and you will remember it longer.

     5. Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have leamed about a

subject. They help you remember your new knowledge.

     The world won't end if you don't pass a test, so don't be overly worried.

     There are other methods that might help you with your studying. You will probably discover many others

after you have tried these.

1. A schedule will help you _____.

A. finish your work quickly

B. solve all your problems

C. find more time for your habits

D. know what is happening to your time

2. If you listen carefully in class, you _____.

A. can do less work after class

B. don' t have to take any notes

C. don' t have to do any work after class

D. can remember everything the teacher says

3. Which of the following is true?

A. Tests are the most important parts in your study.

B. You should review everything your teacher mentioned in class.

C. If you have a good place to study, you'll become a top student.

D. Planning work will make you clear about what to do and when to do it.

4. The best title for this passage is _____.

A. How to Make a Plan

B. How to Improve Your Study

C. How to Pass a Test

D. How to Review Your Lessons

多项选择题