问题 单项选择题

矛盾普遍存在于客观世界中,模糊性亦寓于万物运动之中。

鸡蛋可以孵鸡,当小鸡未啄出蛋壳时,总不能说它仍是蛋,亦不可称之为鸡。突变的事物会呈现短暂的模糊性,而另一些事物放到漫长的时间里考察也会使模糊性突出显现。铅块上放一比重较大的金属球,短时间内它们均呈现出刚体的属性,但经过长时间观察,又会发现金属球慢慢陷入铅块之中。若将上述两个过程用快镜头加以重映,则过去被看成是固体的物质就出现了类似液体的属性,这里,固体与液体的界限变得模糊不清了。处于昼夜之间的黎明或黄昏,门捷列夫周期表中介于金属与非金属之间的过渡元素,中医的脏腑辨证和脉象的浮沉迟数,都说明了客观世界的模糊性。科学的发展,也许会使这些模糊现象在某个层次上变得清晰起来,而在更深的层次上仍混沌不清。

客观世界的模糊性反映在人脑中,便产生了概念上的模糊性;人又巧妙地利用自己建立的模糊概念来进行判断、推理和控制,完成那些现代先进设备所不能完成的工作:人们几乎可以同样地辨认胖子和瘦子,美丽和丑陋;人们无须测量车速便可明智地躲过川流不息的车队;一行草书虽然大异于整齐的印刷字体,却照样可以被人看懂。

现实生活给模糊理论提出了无数研究课题。模糊理论力图用较为精确的数学语言和概念来描述现实中的模糊现象以及人脑中的模糊概念。如果说前人利用仿生学研究飞鸟而发明了飞机,那么当我们今天研制和应用计算机的时候,却不可忘记最优秀的仿生标本——人。人的思维、判断是那样巧妙,人的经验是那样丰富,人类如何将自己的智慧教给计算机,将自己的思维方法传授给计算机,甚至用自己的艺术修养及审美观念去“陶冶”计算机,使计算机具有更多的“人性”,这已成为模糊理论工作者肩负的历史使命。

在作者看来,下列事实中能说明“人巧妙地利用模糊概念”的一项是()。

A.人们利用仿生学研究飞鸟而发明了飞机

B.人们发现突变的事物会呈现短暂的模糊性

C.人发现了介于金属和非金属之间的过渡元素

D.人过马路可以明智地躲过川流不息的车辆

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

分析第三段可知,“人过马路可以明智地躲过川流不息的车辆”,正是作者用来证明人巧妙地利用模糊概念的一个例子。

完形填空

第一节:完型填空(共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从21 - 30各题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

Small moments sometimes last a very long time. And a few words---though they mean ___21___ at the time to the people who say them --- can have great power.

I recently heard a story from Malcolm Dalkoff, who has been a professional ___22___ for the last twenty-four years, mostly in advertising.

As a boy, Dalkoff was terribly shy and ___23___. He had few friends and no self-confidence. Then one day, his high school English teacher, Ruth Brauch, asked the class to write their own chapter that would ___24___ the last chapter of the novel since they had been reading To Kill a Mockingbird. Dalkoff wrote his chapter and turned it in. Today he cannot recall anything special about the chapter he wrote, or what ___25___ Mrs. Brauch gave him. ___26___, what he does remember is the four words in the paper: “This is good writing.” Thanks to the four words, his life has been ___27___ greatly.

“ Until I read those words, I had no idea of who I was or what I was or what I was going to be,” he said, “ After reading her ___28___, I went home and wrote a short story, ___29___ I had always dreamed of doing but never believed I could do.”

Over the rest of that year in school, he wrote many short stories, and always brought them to Mrs. Brauch for instruction. “She was ___30___, helpful and honest. She was just what I needed,” Dalkoff said.

21.     A. much                     B. little                      C. well                       D. ill

22.     A. report            B. designer                C. writer                    D. teacher

23.     A. weak                     B. independent            C. troublesome            D. helpless

24.     A. follow                   B. change                   C. connect                  D. explain

25.     A. help                       B. encouragement        C. grade                     D. words

26.     A. Therefore               B. However                C. Meanwhile             D. Besides

27.     A. improved               B. developed               C. changed                 D. enriched

28.     A. chapter                  B. novel                     C. note                       D. explanation

29.     A. everything              B. something              C. nothing                  D. anything

30.     A. encouraging           B. careful                   C. strict                      D. effective

名词解释