问题 单项选择题

在下列工程项目管理组织机构形式中,容易形成多头领导的是( )。

A.直线职能制和直线制
B.直线制和职能制
C.职能制和矩阵制
D.矩阵制和直线职能制

答案

参考答案:C

解析: 职能制组织机构的主要优点是强调管理业务的专门化,注意发挥各类专家在项目管理中的作用。由于管理人员工作单一,易于提高工作质量,同时可以减轻领导者的负担。但是,由于这种机构没有处理好管理层次和管理部门的关系,形成多头领导,使下级执行者接受多方指令,容易造成职责不清。矩阵制组织机构的优点是能根据工程任务的实际情况灵活地组建与之相适应的管理机构,具有较大的机动性和灵活性。它实现了集权与分权的最优结合,有利于调动各类人员的工作积极性,使工程项目管理工作顺利地进行。但是,矩阵制组织机构经常变动,稳定型差,尤其是业务人员的工作岗位频繁调动。此外,矩阵中的每一个成员都受项目经理和职能部门经理的双重领导,如果处理不当,会造成矛盾,产生扯皮现象。

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     No fight can end,  and no friendship can move on,  until everyone says these little words:I'm sorry.

Sometimes,  though,  they can be difficult to say.1.________

     It is not about winning.

     Friendships aren't like the Super Bowl,  and there should never be a winner and a loser.When you start fighting with a friend,  it may feel important that you "win" the fight by proving you're right and he is

wrong,  or by making him be the first to apologize.

In reality,  you'll both lose if you let your fight ruin your friendship,  and you'll both win if you find a way to heal it.2.________

     You may have heard the expression "His pride stood in the way". It is usually used to describe a person who is so determined to be "right" that he lets an opportunity for happiness pass him by forever.

3.________Remember:as time goes on,  we usually forget who was right and who was wrong in a

disagreement,  and only remember the sadness of losing a friend.

     Take the first step.

     Are you sick of fighting?Do you think this fight is just not important enough to ruin your friendship?

4.________You don't have to take full responsibility for starting the fight,  or even say that your feelings

were wrong.But you should find something you did or said that's worth apologizing for.Maybe you're sorry that you let the fight go for so long,  or that you overreacted to something your friend did.If you say you're sorry,  it's like an invitation for your friend to do the same.

     5. ________

A. Then try to be the first to apologize.

B. Stop thinking about your pride.

C. It's about taking some responsibility for the argument.

D. Don't let this happen to a friendship you care about.

E. Here are some things to keep in mind.

F. There are some special cases when you shouldn't be the one to apologize first.

G. Once you've both said it,  you'll both feel a million times better.