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新古典综合派是如何解释菲利普斯曲线的?

答案

参考答案:

(1)菲利普斯曲线是用来表示失业与通货膨胀之间交替关系的曲线。

(2)新西兰经济学家W·菲利普斯根据英国1861—1957年间失业率和货币工资变动率的经验统计资料,提出了一条用以表示失业率和货币工资变动率之间交替关系的曲线。美国新古典综合派经济学家萨缪尔森和索洛用美国的统计资料证明了菲利普斯曲线所表示的关系是存在的,并进一步把菲利普斯曲线解释为失业和通货膨胀之间的关系。这是因为,根据成本推动的通货膨胀理论,货币工资增长率可以表示通货膨胀率。因此,这条曲线就可以表示失业率与通货膨胀率之间的交替关系,即失业率高,则通货膨胀率低;失业率低,则通货膨胀率高。失业率与通货膨胀率之间存在反方向变动关系,是因为通货膨胀使实际工资下降,从而能刺激生产,增加对劳动的需求,减少失业。

(3)菲利普斯曲线提出了这样几个重要的观点:第一,通货膨胀是由于工资成本推动所引起的,这就是成本推动通货膨胀理论。第二,承认了通货膨胀与失业的交替的关系。这就否定了凯恩斯关于失业与通货膨胀不会并存的观点。第三,当失业率为自然失业率时,通货膨胀率为零。

(4)新古曲综合派还把菲利普斯曲线运用于指导政策,运用政策对经济进行微调,实现宏观经济稳定。具体作法是先确定一个社会临界点,失业率与通货膨胀率在此之内政府不用调节。如果通货膨胀率高于社会临界点,这时可以采取紧缩性政策,以提高失业率为代价降低通货膨胀。如果失业率高于社会临界点,可以采用扩张性政策,以提高通货膨胀率为代价降低失业率。

(5)菲利普斯曲线及新古典综合派所作的解释中反映的失业与通货膨胀之间的交替关系基本符合20世纪50—60年代西方国家的实际情况,根据这种解释提出的政策主张也是有效的。

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The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed (超越) the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information you come across accidentally—or a sudden insight, fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the “payoff” in education. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's up to you.

20090318

 
A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing(综合), which forms the basis of many skills applicable(可利用的) to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering of an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying experience!

To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is upsetting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.
57.According to the writer, personal discoveries____________.
A.will give one encouragement and direction
B.are helpful in finding the right information
C.are the most valuable part of one's personal education
D.will help one to successfully complete school assignments
58.It can be inferred from the passage that writing a research paper gives one chances_________ .
A.to fully develop one's personal abilities
B.to use the skills learnt in the classroom
C.to prove that one is a productive writer
D.to demonstrate how well one can accomplish school assignment
59.The writer argues in the passage that____________.
A.one should explore new areas in research
B.one should trust one's own ability to meet course requirements
C.one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burden
D.one should use all one's knowledge and skills when doing research
60.What will probably follow this passage?
A.How to write a research paper.
B.The importance of research in education.
C.How to make new discoveries for oneself.
D.The skill of putting pieces of information together.