问题 填空题


66. __________.
Demand theory is based on a simply generalization about customer behavior that has been observed for centuries, that almost people would regard as "common sense". Generally speaking, if a good or service becomes more expensive, consumers are less likely to buy it. So, the price of oil more than doubled in 1999, the demand for oil would fall. How much did the demand for oil fall would depend on the elasticity of the demand for oil. Economists describe the demand for oil response as relatively inelastic. So, the fall was not large.
67. __________.
A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the demand for oil tankers and coal in 1999.
68. __________.
The use of coal is the same as oil. When file price of oil rises, fewer people will use oil and more people will use coal. In Economics, coal is a substitute good of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for coal increases. As the demand for coal is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for coal will shift to a rise. The increase in demand is shown by demand rising from oil to coal. So, the demand for coal increased in 1999.
69. __________.
Because the price of oil rose in 1999, refiner had to face a squeeze on profit margins. This made the costs of refining petrol increase. The costs of production increase will lead decrease on the supply for petrol. As the supply for petrol is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for petrol will shift to a fall. This decrease in supply is shown by supply falling from Qs0 to Qs1 So, the supply for petrol decreased in 1999.
70. __________.
Because the price of oil rose in 1999, the supply for oil would raise. Nylon is joint of oil. So, the supply for oil raises the supply for nylon increases. As the supply for nylon is related to the supply for oil, therefore, an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply for nylon will shift to a rise. So the supply for nylon increased in 1999.
A. The graph shows how the crude oil price has changed between 1994 and 1998. In general, the crude oil price rose up to the peak until 1997, at which point there was a sharp reduction in the crude oil price. Finally, we can summarize that the overall price, if crude oil dropped from over$10 per barrel to almost $7 per barrel between 1994 and 1998. Market forces affected this.
B. In 1999 the price of oil more than doubled. Discuss the effects of a substantial rise in the price of oil on the supply and demand for oil and other related products. This affected not only the demand and supply for oil, but also other related products.
C. Because the price of oil rose in 1999, producing oil could get more profit. Therefore, some producers would switch from providing nuclear power to providing oil. This meant that more producers would produce oil. Oil becomes more attractive than nuclear power; this will lead decrease on the supply for nuclear power. As the supply for nuclear power is related to the supply for oil, therefore an extension in the supply for oil will mean that the supply will shift to a fall. So, the supply for nuclear power decreased in 1999.
D. Supply theory tells us that profit enable producers to use less suitable resources to increase their supply of product. In 1999, the price of oil more than doubled, this meant that the oil producers could get more profit, so the supply would rise. This type of movement is known as an extension which leads to supply rising. How much did the supply for oil raise would depend on the elasticity of the supply for oil. The rule is that the steeper the curve, the more elastic the supply and vice versa. So, the supply for oil is elastic.
E. A substantial rise in the price of oil would affect the supply for nuclear power, petrol and nylon.
F. We know that oil tankers are used to transport oil. If the price of oil rises, fewer people buy oil. Therefore, less oil tankers are used to transport oil. In Economics, oil tankers are complementary goods of oil, the price of oil rises, and the demand for oil falls, the demand for oil tankers decrease. As the demand for oil tankers is related to the demand for oil, therefore, a constriction in the demand for oil will mean that the demand for oil tankers will shift to a fall. So the demand for oil tankers decreased in 1999.

答案

参考答案:E

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文章,完成后面问题。(13分)

雾霾天气警惕PM2.5污染

①最近一段时间,随着媒体的关注,以PM2.5为代表的“超细灰尘”污染引起了人们的广泛关注。PM2.5是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物。它的直径还不到人的头发丝粗细的1/20。PM2.5“超细灰尘”主要来自机动车尾气尘、燃油尘、硫酸盐、餐饮油烟尘、建筑水泥尘、煤烟尘和硝酸盐等,是雾霾有害细颗粒的重要组成部分。

②与较粗的大气颗粒物相比,PM2.5粒径小,富含大量的有毒、有害物质且在大气中的停留时间长、输送距离远,因而对人体健康和大气环境质量的影响更大。气象专家和医学专家认为,由细颗粒物造成的灰霾天气对人体健康的危害甚至要比沙尘暴更大。粒径10微米以上的颗粒物,会被挡在人的鼻子外面;粒径在2.5微米至10微米之间的颗粒物,能够进入上呼吸道,但部分可通过痰液等排出体外,也会被鼻腔内部的绒毛阻挡,对人体健康危害相对较小;而粒径在2.5微米以下的细颗粒物不易被阻挡,被吸入人体后会直接进入支气管,干扰肺部的气体交换,引发包括哮喘、支气管炎和心血管病等方面的疾病。进入肺泡的微尘可迅速被吸收、不经过肝脏解毒直接进入血液循环,分布到全身,损害血红蛋白输送氧的能力。对贫血和血液循环障碍的病人来说,可能产生严重后果。例如可以加重呼吸系统疾病,甚至引起充血性心力衰竭等心脏疾病。这些颗粒还可以通过支气管和肺泡进入血液,其中的有害气体、重金属等溶解在血液中,对人体健康的伤害更大。人体的生理结构决定了对PM2.5没有任何过滤、阻拦能力,而PM2.5对人类健康的危害却随着医学技术的进步,逐步暴露出其恐怖的一面。

③大雾素来都有“杀手”之称,加上工业废气、汽车尾气、空气中的灰尘、空气中的细菌和病毒等污染物,附着于这些水滴上。在日常生活和出行中,这些物质会对人体的呼吸道产生影响,很容易引起急性上呼吸道感染、急性气管支气管炎及肺炎、哮喘发作,诱发或加重慢性支气管炎等。专家分析,PM2.5吸附的大气里面的毒性物质,进入到呼吸道以后,被身体吸收,对体内的影响是全方位的。雾是由我们看不见的水滴构成的,但是霾是由肉眼看不见的颗粒及飞扬的尘埃物等构成的,对身体健康的危害很大。

④ 近30年来,我国公众吸烟率不断下降,但肺癌患病率却上升了4倍多。目前普遍认为这可能与雾霾天增加有一定的关系,很多人已经把雾霾天气比喻成为大自然的“吸烟室”。不但浓雾缠绕、能见度非常低的天气会对人体健康产生影响,时而有雾时而多云的天气也会有同样的问题。雾霾天对人体心脑血管疾病的影响也很严重,会阻碍正常的血液循环,导致心血管病、高血压、冠心病、脑溢血, 可能诱发心绞痛、心肌梗塞、心力衰竭等,使慢性支气管炎出现肺源性心脏病等。

⑤人体每天需要呼吸大约10立方米的空气,生活在城市里的人就相当于一个移动的空气过滤器。该如何躲开PM2.5的危害?专家们支了几招:

⑥ 严禁近郊私自焚烧垃圾和枯草败叶。私自焚烧是很多农户和企业处理垃圾最便捷的方式。但私自焚烧所产生的二恶英、烟尘颗粒等有毒物质,会使周边的城市在不知不觉中陷入“毒雾”。

⑦减少外出。专家认为,对于雾霾天气最直接的办法就是尽量减少外出。戴口罩可以防止一些灰尘进入鼻腔,能起到一定的防护作用。但对于最近引发热议的PM2.5,专家认为口罩的抵御能力有限,因为即便是专业的医用口罩,主要针对PM3以上的可吸入颗粒物,对于PM2.5以下的可吸入颗粒物抵御能力不强。  

⑧不吸烟,远离二手烟;灰霾天气少开窗,室内可以养点花花草草;地上还可以经常洒一些水,使漂浮的粉尘易于沉淀和吸附在地面;使用空气净化器,市面上80%的空气净化器都以净化空气中的细微颗粒物为主,对PM2.5有很好的吸附效果,但在使用时要注意勤换过滤芯。

⑨此外,雾霾天日照少、光线弱、气压低,有些人会产生精神懒散、情绪低落的现象。建议大家规律作息,避免过度劳累,多饮水,饮食清淡,少吃刺激性食物,多吃些豆腐、牛奶等食品。多吃滋阴润肺的梨、百合、枇杷、莲子、萝卜等。

小题1:阅读全文,结合标题,简要概括文章的主要内容。(3分)

小题2: PM2.5对大气环境质量影响很大的原因是什么?(2分)

小题3:文段②主要运用了哪些说明方法?有什么作用?(4分)

小题4:品析说明语言的特点。(4分)

(1)文段④中加点词语“可能”能否去掉?为什么?(2分) 

(2)文段⑤ 中画线词语“空气过滤器”,体现了说明语言的什么特点?(2分)

问答题 简答题