问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一 “论中国政治制度,秦汉是一个大变动。唐之于汉,也是一大变动。但宋之于唐,却不能说有什么大变动,一切因循承袭。有变动的,只是迫于时代,迫于外面一切形势,改头换面,添注涂改地在变。纵说它有变动,却不能说它有建立。”

材料二 “只因宋初太祖太宗不识大体,立意把相权拿归自己,换言之,这是小兵不放心大臣,这也罢了。……但因宋初承袭五代积弊,社会读书人少,学术中衰,反对的也只晓得唐制不如此而已,并未能通揽大局,来为有宋一代定制创法。——以上均摘自钱穆《中国历代政治得失》

材料三 “徜使我们说,中国传统政治是专制的,政府由一个皇帝来独裁,这一说法,用来讲明清两代是不差的。”

材料四 “民国成立后的20年是一段令人愁丧的开始。……中国的首要问题仍是新旧之间不能衔接……根据过去的经验,坐在龙椅上的人物虽以道德号召,要不是以出卖旁人为习惯的老手,即是一个被人愚弄终身的小儿……要不是有了这些原因,1911年的革命不可能如是侥幸成功。”“……军阀割据在这段间成为普遍现象。旧体制既已拆卸,新的尚未产生,只有私人军事力量可以在青黄不接之际维持短期团结。……如果军阀在历史上有任何贡献的话,那是在80年外强侵略之后他们更增加了内部压力,于是强迫着中国的青年自行着手寻觅着一套救国方式。”——黄仁宇《中国大历史》

请回答:

(1)结合所学知识,说明材料一中秦汉和唐朝政治制度“大变动”分别指什么?

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(2)据材料二分析宋朝在政治体制上未能有“大变动”的原因有哪些?

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(3)用明清相关史实说明材料三中“政府由一个皇帝来独裁”的观点。

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(4)材料四中体制“已拆卸”是指什么?“不能衔接的新制度”是指什么?新旧体制之间不断衔接导致中国当时出现什么社会现象?

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(5)综合上述材料归纳中国历史上政治制度发展所反映的历史趋势。

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答案

(1)秦汉:建立专制主义中央集权制度(皇帝制度的确立、三公九卿制、郡县制)。唐朝:完善专制主义中央集权制度(三省六部制)。

(2)原因:加强专制君权的需要(削弱相权);缺乏人才。

(3)史实:明朝废丞相、设内阁;清朝设军机处。

(4)辛亥革命推翻君主专制政体。新制度:资产阶级民主共和制。现象:军阀割据。

(5)趋势:从君主专制走向民主共和。

阅读理解

第四节阅读理解(20×2分)

James Langston Hughes finally arrived in New York on September 4, 1921 to attend Colombia University. Langston felt frustrated at Colombia due to the discrimination of his white classmates. His grades began to suffer and finally he left and looked for a job.

Job were still hard to come by for most blacks. He longed to work on a ship that would sail abroad. After much persistence, he headed to Africa on a freighter ( 货船 ). Hughes was disturbed by the African tribes’ lack of political and economical freedom. The Africans considered him white because of his brown skin and stranded dark hair. It was here that he met a mulatto (白黑混血)child who was ignored by the Africans and the whites. This was a sourced of inspiration for his play, “Mulatto”.

Hughes found work on another freighter and ended up in Pairs. While there he worked at a night club that featured southern cooking and jazz performers. While moving on to Italy, Hughed was robbed and left stranded (helpless) wanting to return to the United States. He tried to get a job on a ship heading for the U.S.A. but was told they only hired the white. In this depressed state of mind he wrote, “I, Too, Sing America.”

He returned to America and found the Harlem Renaissance was spreading across racial boundaries(种族界线). Many black poets and authors were now published in mainstream publications. Hughes was warmly welcomed by his peers (同辈)and recognized for the poetry he wrote while traveling. 

56. What inspired James Hughes to white the play “Mulatto”?

A. Neither the African nor the whites took care of a mulatto child he met.

B. The African did not like white people.

C. Blacks found it hard to find a decent job.

D. There was no political nor economical freedom in Africa.

57. How did Hughes pay for his trip from Africa to Paris?

A. He sold his poems.                 B. He got a job on ship.

C. He worked for a night club.     D. His African friends gave him some money.           58 . What happened to Hughes at Colombia University?

A. His white classmates were kind and helpful to him.

B. He was recognized as a promising poet.

C. He graduated with honors.   

D. He was very disappointed.   

判断题