问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一 自秦始皇建立君主专制制度后,历代王朝都设置宰相作为皇帝的助手,参与国家大事的决策,处理全国政务。《新唐书》记载:“宰相之职,佐天子,总百官,治万事,其任重矣。”

材料二 明太祖认为:“自秦以下,人君天下者,皆不鉴秦设相之患,相从而命之,往往病及于国君者,其故在擅专威福。”

材料三 废丞相后与丞相地位近似官职的基本职权情况表:

请回答:

(1)在君权与相权关系的处理上,秦始皇、汉武帝、唐太宗、宋太祖分别采取了怎样的措施?

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(2)根据材料二,分析明太祖废除宰相制度的主要原因是什么?

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(3)当时也有人称内阁首辅和军机大臣为宰相,这种称呼是否有实质意义?为什么?

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答案

(1)秦始皇设御史大夫牵制丞相;汉武帝设置侍中、尚书令参与军国大事,剥夺了宰相的决策权;唐太宗规定三省长官都是宰相,相权一分为三;宋太祖设参知政事等官职分割相权。

(2)明太祖认为秦朝以来宰相的擅专威福往往危及君主的统治。

(3)没有。内阁属于皇帝的顾问内侍机构,内阁首辅不是法定中央一级行政或决策机构的长官,其权限大小取决于皇帝;军机处是皇帝谕旨的传达机构,军机大臣完全听命于皇帝。内阁首辅和军机大臣不具有宰相的权力,不能对皇权形成制约,所以不是实质意义上的宰相。

填空题



Most taxpayers have had enough income tax collected by their employers during the year. So they do not (36) any money. In fact, most Americans get some money back. Last year, the Internal Revenue Service returned at least some money to more than (37) Americans paying individual income tax.
The United States has what is called (38) . Tax rates increase as (39) increase. This year, people earning more than (40) are taxed at the highest rate.
Earnings above that amount are taxed at (41) . Earnings below that amount are taxed at lower rates.
Individuals who earn less than (42) pay no income tax. But they do pay (43) , Medicare and other taxes.
There are many different ways for people and businesses to reduce their (44) Most homeowners, for example, can reduce their taxes a little by reporting to the I.R.S. the interest they pay (45) . This is called a (46)
In 2004, personal income taxes provided the government with most of its money: (47) of the budget. Social security and other (48) taxes provided (49) . Other forms of income include (50) , money borrowed to (51) and special taxes on (52) .
But income from taxes did not provide enough to pay for government spending. The I.R.S. says the budget deficit for 2004 was about (53) dollars.
Preparing tax documents can be complex. The I.R.S. estimates that taxpayers need an average of about 13 hours to prepare tax documents. And that is just for the basic tax form. For business, the I.R.S. estimates an (54) needs more than 50 hours. This is why a lot of Americans pay (55) to complete their tax documents for them.

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