问题 问答题 简答题

简述栅格数据及其主要编码方式。

答案

参考答案:

栅格结构是最简单最直接的空间数据结构,是指将地球表面划分为大小均匀紧密相邻的网格阵列,每个网格作为一个象元或象素由行、列定义,并包含一个代码表示该象素的属性类型或量值,或仅仅包括指向其属性记录的指针。因此,栅格结构是以规则的阵列来表示空间地物或现象分布的数据组织,组织中的每个数据表示地物或现象的非几何属性特征。

栅格数据的主要编码方式包括:

(1)直接栅格编码:这是最简单直观而又非常重要的一种栅格结构编码方法,就是将栅格数据看作一个数据矩阵,逐行(或逐列)逐个记录代码,可以每行都从左到右逐个象元记录,也可以奇数行地从左到右而偶数行地从右向左记录,为了特定目的还可采用其他特殊的顺序。

(2)压缩编码方法:目前有一系列栅格数据压缩编码方法,如键码、游程长度编码、块码和四叉树编码等。其目的是用尽可能少的数据量记录尽可能多的信息,其类型又有信息无损编码和信息有损编码之分。

a)链码:又称为弗里曼链码或边界链码,链码可以有效地压缩栅格数据,而且对于估算面积、长度、转折方向的凹凸度等运算十分方便,比较适合于存储图形数据。

b)游程长度编码:栅格图像常常有行(或列)方向上相邻的若干点具有相同的属性代码,因而可采取某种方法压缩那些重复的记录内容。一种编码方案是,只在各行(或列)数据的代码发生变化时依次记录该代码以及相同的代码重复的个数;另一种方案是逐个记录各行(或列)代码发生变化的位置和相应代码,c)块码:块码是游程长度编码扩展到二维的情况,采用方形区域作为记录单元,每个记录单元包括相邻的若干栅格,数据结构由初始位置(行、列号)和半径,再加上记录单位的代码组成。

d)四叉树:又称四元树或四分树,是最有效的栅格数据压缩编码方法之一。四叉树将整个图像区逐步分解为一系列被单一类型区域内含的方形区域,最小的方形区域为一个栅格象元。分割的原则是,不管是哪一层上的象限,只要划分到仅代表一种地物或符合既定要求的少数几种地物时,则不再继续划分,否则一直划分到单个栅格象元为止。

单项选择题

It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley’s Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labour arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.
The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.

To offshore services that were once non-tradable results from ______.
[A] the blue-collar job market
[B] the geographic location of the underdeveloped world
[C] the fierce competition among skilled workers
[D] the dive of telecoms fee


Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages.
Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates has fallen by 6% since 9000, a bigger decline than in average wages.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled Workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.

单项选择题