英国东印度公司
参考答案：
东印度公司是指十六至十九世纪葡萄牙、英国、荷兰、丹麦、法国等欧洲殖民主义国家对印度和东南亚各国经营垄断贸易、进行殖民地掠夺而特许设立的公司。这些国家的东印度公司不仅享有贸易独立权，还有权代表政府订立条约和和约，有权组建军队，有权发动战争，他们享有独立国家的主权，拥有政治权力和军事权力。英国东印度公司成立于1600年，以后通过阴谋和战争，占领和统治了孟加拉和印度，之后又占领了新加坡、缅甸（部份地区）等国，由一个商业强权变成了一个军事和拥有领土的强权。英东印度公司在1833年以前一直垄断着英国对中国的贸易。到了十九世纪初，随着产业革命后世界市场的扩大，为了适应新兴工商资本迅速发展的需要，东印度公司作用逐步下降，它的特权相继取消。但是，它对英国在印度领土的管理权，一直保留到1858年该公司被撤销为止。
| Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage. The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers’ thoughts turn to it. Test time approaches and some students’ thoughts turn to it. Temptation appears and some spouses consider it. Nowadays, cheating is on the rise. "You want something you can’t get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough, you’ll do it regardless of any guilt or regret, and you’re willing to run the risk of being caught. " That’s how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating. Cheating represents the triumph of the "Brazen Rule" over the "Golden Rule", says Terry Pinkard, philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D．C． "The Golden Rule says, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.’The Brazen Rule says, Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place. ’ " Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. "We’re seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated． Whether to cheat depends on whether it’s in the person’s interest. " He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students. Richard Dienslbier, psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that society’s attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating. "Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said:’That is extremely serious; you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently, ’ " he says. "Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an’F’ on what he cheated on. That’s nothing. If you’re going to fail anyway, why not cheat " Cheating is unethical, Pinkard says, whether it’s massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged． "You’re treating other people merely as a means for your own ends. You’re using people in ways they would not consent to. The cheater says, ’ Let everybody else bear the burden, and I’ll reap the benefits. ’" Cheaters usually try to justify their actions, says Rohert Hogan, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma． "They never think it’s their fault. " Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves, adds Wheeler. "They don’t want to label themselves as a cheater. Also, they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught, so they work on their excuse ahead of time. " The most common justifications, psychologists say, include: "I had to do it. " "The test was unfair. " "Everybody does it, and I have to cheat to get what’s rightfully mine. " "The government wastes the money anyway. " "My wife (or husband) doesn’t understand me, and we’ve grown apart. " Cheating is most likely in situation where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low, says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene. In his study, a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests, while secret, pressure sensitive paper indicated who changed answers. To raise the pressure, students were given an extremely high scores as the "average" for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists. About 16 percent of the male students changed answers; among the females, about 30 percent cheated． Everybody cheats, a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances. Despite the general rise in cheating, Pinkard sees some cause for hope: "I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating. " Perhaps, he says, the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the "baby boom" students who preceded them—and therefore less self-centereD． "There seems to be a swing back in the culture. " |
According to the passage, with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree
A．Cheating is often the result of intense pressure.
B．Cheating is cheating, whether on a test or on income tax forms.
C．Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant.
D．The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule.