问题 问答题 论述题

简述人口学概念的形成。

答案

参考答案:人口学一词最早出现于1855年法国人口学家A.基亚尔所著的《人类统计或比较人口学大纲》一书中。他在书中认为,人口学是关于人类或人口的一般变化和他们体质、文明、智力和精神条件的自然和社会的历史或数学知识。

20世纪30年代以后,人口学这一术语被广泛使用于教科书中。

对人口学的定义,学者中有不同意见。

西方人口学家主要有两种看法:

一种是将人口学定义为用实验的、统计的、数学的方法研究人口规模、结构、分布、变化(由出生、死亡、结婚、离婚、迁入、迁出组成)的科学。有人将此称为形式人口学。

也有人把形式人口学定义为关于人口变化及构成因素的计量和分析(特别是人口出生和死亡,以及作为人口变化内在因素的年龄、性别结构等),把它看作是人口分析技术。

另一种是将人口学理解为有狭义和广义之分。

狭义人口学是研究人口规模、分布、结构和变化的科学,即形式人口学或人口学分析。

广义人口学被理解为不仅包括狭义人口学所研究的人口变量本身的变化,还研究人口变量变化和其他变量(如社会的、经济的、政治的、遗传的、地理的等等)变化的相互关系。

有人还将广义人口学分为广义和最广义两种。前者是把狭义人口学理解为只研究人口自然变量(出生、死亡……)的科学,不研究人口的社会变量(如宗教、民族、语言……)和经济变量(如人口的职业、行业、收入)。认为广义人口学除研究上述内容外,还包括研究人口的社会、经济标志。

最广义的人口学除包括广义人口学内容外,还研究和人口学过程有关的问题(如人口对资源的压力、人口不足问题、城市化问题)。还有人把人口学看作是对人类人口的数量研究。也有人把人口学笼统地定义为研究人口的科学。

人口学是对人口因素和人口因素之间关系,以及人口因素与非人口因素之间的研究。

完形填空

阅读下面短文并回答问题,然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上(请注意问题后的词数要求)。

[1] Fishing is probably the world’s most popular sport. People spend many dollars each year on items like boats and four-wheel-drive vehicles. In addition, they spend money on fishing equipment, bait, fuel and boat repairs. And you can see that fishing can be an expensive pastime. Fishing lovers believe that their hobby is worth it. Others say that fishing is spoiling the environment and that it is a cruel hobby.

[2] Supporters of fishing say that it is a nice hobby. Firstly, of the millions of people who fish for fun, most only catch enough fish to feed their families. They catch fish that are found in large numbers, so there is little danger to the species (种类).

[3] Secondly, recreational fishermen contribute to the economy. They spend money on equipment and other items, and they also spend it indirectly by paying taxes on their equipment and fuel. Those who travel to fishing spots pay for accommodation (食宿) and airfares. This money keeps people in work and provides new jobs each year.

[4] Thirdly, fishing is relaxing and fun so it lessens stress. Instead of turning to drugs or alcohol, it is far better to go fishing. People who are relaxed are generally healthier and much nicer to be near ----- except for the smell of the bait!

[5] Those who _________________ say that there are too many fish thoughtlessly taken from rivers, lakes, streams and oceans. This could lead to the dying out of some species. Modern cars and boats mean that people can fish in remote areas of the world, so no place is safe from greedy fishermen who take both males and females, leaving few fish to produce young.

[6] Those against fishing also say that it is a blood sport, which means that an animal must die so that a human can have fun. Many of the fish caught for sport are not suitable for eating, so they are thrown away. Once hooked, fish have no chance of escape.

小题1:What is the main idea of the passage? (no more than 4 words)

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小题2:According to Paragraph 2, why does fishing cause little danger to the species? (no more than 8 words)

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小题3:List 4 items on which people spend their money for fishing. (no more than 7 words)

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小题4:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words.

Those who _________say that there are too many fish thoughtlessly taken from rivers, lakes, streams and oceans.

小题5:What does the word “which” (Line 1, Paragraph6) probably refer to? (no more than 3 words)

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多项选择题