问题 问答题 简答题

不同强度的电刺激作用于单根神经纤维和神经干,记录到的电变化有何不同?产生不同的原因是什么?

答案

参考答案:

能使Na+通道大量开放从而产生动作电位的临界膜电位。(或能使膜出现Na+内流与去极化形成负反馈的膜电位值)称为阈电位。在一定的刺激持续时间作用下,引起组织兴奋所必需的最小刺激强度,称为阈强度。比阈电位弱的刺激,成为阈下刺激,他们只能引起低于阈电位值的去极化,不能发展为动作电位。阈下刺激未能使静息电位的去极化达到阈电位,但他也能引起该段膜中所含Na+通道的少量开放,这是少量Na+内流造成的去极化和电刺激造成的去极化叠加起来,在受刺激的局部出现一个较小的去极化,成为局部兴奋或局部反应。

其特点为:

①它不是“全或无”的,在阈下刺激的范围内,随刺激强度的增大而增大,

②不能在膜上作远距离的传播,但由于膜本身由于有电阻和电容特性而膜内外都是电解质溶液,发生在膜的某一点的局部兴奋,可以使邻近的膜也产生类似的去极化,但随距离加大而迅速减小以至消失,成为电紧张性扩布

③局部兴奋可以互相叠加,当一处产生的局部兴奋由于电紧张性扩布致使临近处的膜也出现程度较小的去极化,而该处又因另一刺激也产生了局部兴奋,虽然两者单独出现时都不足以引起一次动作电位,但如果遇到一起时可以叠加起来,以致有可能达到阈电位引发一次动作电位,称为空间性总和。

局部兴奋的叠加也可以发生在连续数个阈下刺激的膜的某一点,亦即当前面刺激引起的局部兴奋尚未消失时,与后面刺激引起的局部兴奋发生叠加,称为时间性总和。在刺激超过阈强度后,动作电位的上升速度和所能达到的最大值,就不再依赖于所给刺激的强度大小了。即只要刺激达到足够的强度,再增加刺激强度并不能使动作电位的幅度有所增大。此外,动作电位并不是只出现在受刺激的局部,他在受刺激部位产生后,还可沿着细胞膜向周围传播,而且传播的距离并不因为原处刺激的强度而有所不同,直至整个细胞的膜都依次兴奋并产生一次同样大小和形式的动作电位。即动作电位的“全或无”现象。

阅读理解

     There is one type of illness in the world that affects more people than anything else and is very deadly.

If untreated this illness could affect everything you do. What is this illness? Depression. Serious

depression requires professional treatment. Self-induced depression is something each of us can change.

     Everyone's circumstances are different, but the causes of self-induced depression are common: low

self-esteem, hurtful thinking and a bad attitude.

     So how can we change the way we think, feel, and cultivate a cheerful attitude?

     First we must look at ourselves, truly and honestly examining our motives for what we wish to achieve. If you are dissatisfied because you feel you haven't or can't do anything, then one step is needed - to set

goals.

     Always start your goals relatively small and easy to attain. Think of them as sand; one grain may be

insignificant but as a group they form the beach. Once you have set and attained small goals for yourself,

move on to slightly larger, more challenging goals.

     It takes more than just setting goals to be happy. It takes positive thinking. How can we attain this?

     There are a number of factors that can make us think negatively and one of those is diet.

     In my opinion, a person who eats a lot of take out and fast food is feeding their body junk. Start by

eating better foods which give the body much NEEDED minerals. If your physical body is happy, it's

much easier for your mental body or "thinking ability" to be happy.

     Next, exercise. A half-hour a day is recommended for positive well being. Then think about good

memories you had, or generally think of things that make you smile. Remember, everything you wear

costs money but to wear a smile is free. A smile can be the difference between an average day and a

great day.

     If you follow these steps, positive change is inevitable.

1. Which of the statements about depression is TRUE?

A. Depression is a kind of illness that can’t be cured like some cancer.

B. Depression can all be cured successfully by patients themselves.

C. Those who suffer from depression feel dissatisfied with themselves.

D. Those who suffer from depression live in similar circumstances.

2. According to the passage we can learn that ____________.

A. a practical goal can help people to achieve a sense of success

B. we shouldn't be satisfied with small goals that are insignificant

C. we should avoid challenging goals that may lead to failure

D. people can enjoy happiness only if they set reasonable goals

3. In order to achieve positive thinking a person should do these things EXCEPT____________.

A. set challenging goals              

B. eat healthier foods

C. exercise half an hour a day        

D. always wear a smile

4. What can we infer from the reading passage?  

A. Those who can achieve small goals can surely achieve big ones.  

B. Take out and fast food cannot provide people with enough minerals.  

C. You can only exercise half an hour if you want to get rid of depression.  

D. Smile is the cheapest thing compared to other possessions you have.

5. What's the passage mainly about?  

A. To prove the argument that depression can be changed.  

B. To analyze the danger depression can bring to people.  

C. To introduce to readers how to keep positive thinking.  

D. To recommend some ways to deal with depression.

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