问题 材料题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一 (秦朝初年)天下之事无小大,皆决于上。   ——《史记》

材料二   丞相者,联之股肱,所与共承庙宇,统理海内,辅朕之不逮以治天下也。 ——《汉书?孔光传》引汉哀帝语

材料三   以天下之广、四海之众,千端万绪,须合变通,皆委百司商量、宰相筹划,于事稳便,方可奏行。                                 ——《贞观政要》引唐太宗语

材料四   今我朝罢丞相,设五府(五军都督府)、六部、都察院、通政司、大理寺等衙门,分理天下庶务,彼此颉颃,不敢相压,事皆朝廷总之,所以稳当,以后子孙做皇帝时,并不许立丞相,臣下敢有奏请设立者,文武群臣即时劾奏,将犯人凌迟,全家处死。  ——明太祖《皇明祖训?祖训首章》

材料五   (清人赵翼说)国初承前明旧制,机务出纳悉关内阁……雍正年间,用兵西北……选内阁中书之谨密者入直(值)缮写。后名军机处,地近宫廷,便为宣召。 ——《檐曝杂记》

(1)材料一“皆决于上”中的“上”指的是谁?他实行的中央和地方行政制度是什么?

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(2)根据材料二、三,结合所学知识,概括从汉朝到唐宋,丞相权力是怎样被削减的。

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(3)材料四、五反映出这一时期君主专制制度有哪些新的变化?

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(4)根据上述材料并结合所学知识,概括中国古代政治制度改革的发展趋势。

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答案

(1)①秦始皇。 ②三公九卿制和郡县制。    

(2)①汉朝:A、频繁更换丞相,破格选用人才。B、建立中朝(又称内朝)②唐朝:三省六部制。③宋朝:A、设参知政事为副相分割宰相权力。B、设枢密使分割宰相军权,C、设三司使分割宰相财权 。

(3)明朝废丞相制度(或设内阁和司礼监),清朝设军机处

(4)皇权递增,君主专制中央集权不断强化。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件)

because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically,

a lot of them are still ending up on paper.

     It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,

although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers

start working overtime. "I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down," says Ted

Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.

     Perhaps best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech

industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new markets. Several Internet companies have

been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer. Earlier this week. Hewlett-

Packard Co. announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they

can get a hard copy of a business document, a medical record or just a one-line e-mail, even if they are nowhere

near a computer. As the company sees it, the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers.

     Does all this mean environmental concerns (环境问题) have been forgotten? Some activists suggest people

have been led to believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away. "I guess people believe that

the problem is taken care of, because of recycling (回收利用)," said Kelly Quirke, director of the Rainforest

Action Network in San Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpful. He says printers

that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from

materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.

1. The growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to _____.

A. the rapid development of small businesses

B. the opening up of new markets

C. the printing of high quality copies

D. the increased use of the Internet

2. Environmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the paper situation is _____.

A. to encourage printing more quality documents

B. to develop new printers using recycled paper

C. to find new materials for making paper

D. to plant more fast growing trees

3. Hewlett-Packard Co. has decided to develop new technologies because _____.

A. people are concerned about the environment

B. printers in many offices are working overtime

C. small companies need more hard copies

D. they see a growing market for printers

4. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Computers and Printers

B. E-mail and the Business World

C. Internet Revolution and Environment

D. Modern Technology and New Markets

问答题 简答题