问题 材料题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一 (秦朝初年)天下之事无小大,皆决于上。   ——《史记》

材料二   丞相者,联之股肱,所与共承庙宇,统理海内,辅朕之不逮以治天下也。 ——《汉书?孔光传》引汉哀帝语

材料三   以天下之广、四海之众,千端万绪,须合变通,皆委百司商量、宰相筹划,于事稳便,方可奏行。                                 ——《贞观政要》引唐太宗语

材料四   今我朝罢丞相,设五府(五军都督府)、六部、都察院、通政司、大理寺等衙门,分理天下庶务,彼此颉颃,不敢相压,事皆朝廷总之,所以稳当,以后子孙做皇帝时,并不许立丞相,臣下敢有奏请设立者,文武群臣即时劾奏,将犯人凌迟,全家处死。  ——明太祖《皇明祖训?祖训首章》

材料五   (清人赵翼说)国初承前明旧制,机务出纳悉关内阁……雍正年间,用兵西北……选内阁中书之谨密者入直(值)缮写。后名军机处,地近宫廷,便为宣召。 ——《檐曝杂记》

(1)材料一“皆决于上”中的“上”指的是谁?他实行的中央和地方行政制度是什么?

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(2)根据材料二、三,结合所学知识,概括从汉朝到唐宋,丞相权力是怎样被削减的。

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(3)材料四、五反映出这一时期君主专制制度有哪些新的变化?

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(4)根据上述材料并结合所学知识,概括中国古代政治制度改革的发展趋势。

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答案

(1)①秦始皇。 ②三公九卿制和郡县制。    

(2)①汉朝:A、频繁更换丞相,破格选用人才。B、建立中朝(又称内朝)②唐朝:三省六部制。③宋朝:A、设参知政事为副相分割宰相权力。B、设枢密使分割宰相军权,C、设三司使分割宰相财权 。

(3)明朝废丞相制度(或设内阁和司礼监),清朝设军机处

(4)皇权递增,君主专制中央集权不断强化。

完形填空
阅读下面短文,根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填一个单词。
Aristotle once wrote that “happiness is a state of activity”. In other words, whether you, re
Seeking life-long satisfaction or a few moments of good cheer, you’ve got to move forward. We’ve interviewed the experts and found five steps to take toward a sunny mood(心情):
Over a 30-year period, University of Illinois researchers asked nearly 120, 000 people how income, education, political participation volunteer activities and close relationships affected their happiness. Reported Newsweek, s Sharon Begley on the findings, “The highest levels of happiness are found with the most stable and satisfying relationships. ”
Singing aloud, talking to a stranger, raising your hand: all may increase a feeling of happiness, according to a study from Wake Forest University. Participants(参与者)followed the development of their moods for two weeks and reported feeling happier when they were more outgoing and less happy when reserved or withdrawn.
The editors of forbes. Com gave $5 or $20 to 46 strangers by chance. Half the group was told to spend the money on themselves, while the other half was told to spend it on others. Those who’d shared the wealth felt much happier at the end of the day than those who’d spent it on themselves. There was no difference in happiness between those who spent $5 or $20, suggesting that it, s not how much money you spend, but how you spend it, that inspires the spirit.
Studies from the Positive Psychology Center showed that discouraged people who wrote down three good things that happened to them each day for six months reported an improved attitude.
Drinking water really can help keep you cheerful. A small 2012 study from the University of Connecticut suggested that even slight dehydration(脱水) affected the moods of its female participants.
Title
小题1:___for Happiness
Introduction
You will move小题2:___in the course of finding happiness
The findings of小题3:___
Some小题4:___toward happiness
·Value your relationships
·The小题5:___happiness lies in the most stable and satisfying relationships
·小题6:___yourself
·You can gain happiness by singing aloud or talking to others
·Spend money on others
·Your spirit will be inspired by小题7:___the wealth
·小题8:___on the positive
·Your attitude would be improved when you fix your attention on good things.
·Drink water
·If a woman takes in enough water,her小题9:___of happiness may remain.
Conclusion
Happiness can be found if all小题10:___have been done.
 
阅读理解与欣赏

月光下的探访

李汉荣

       今夜风清露白,月明星稀,宇宙澄澈,月光下的南山显得格外端庄妩媚。斜坡上若有白瀑流泻,那是月辉在茂密的青苹上汇聚、摇曳,安静,又似乎有声有色,斜斜着涌动不已, 其实却一动未动,这是层出不穷的天上雪啊!

       我爬上斜坡,来到南山顶,是一片平地,青草、野花、荆棘、石头都被整理成一派柔和,蝈蝈弹奏着我熟悉的那种单弦吉他,弹了几万年了吧。这时候曲调好像特别孤独忧伤,一定是怀念着它新婚远别的情郎。我还听见不知名的虫子在唧唧夜话,说的是生存的焦虑,饥饿的体验,死亡的恐惧,还是月光下的快乐旅行?在人之外,还有多少生命在爱着、挣扎着、劳作着、歌唱着,在用它们自己的方式撰写着种族的《史记》。我真想向它们问候,看看它 们的衣食住行:既然有了这相遇的缘分,我应该对它们提供一点力所能及的帮助,它们那么小,那么脆弱,在这庞大不可测的宇宙里生存是怎样的冒险,是多么不容易啊。然而,常识提醒我,我的探访很可能令它们恐惧。最大的帮助就是不打扰它们。慈祥的土地和温良的月光会关照这些与世无争的孩子的,这么一想我心里的牵挂和怜悯就释然了。 

       我继续前行。我看见几只蝴蝶仍在月光里夜航,这小小的宇宙飞船,也在无限地做着短促的飞行,在力所能及的范围内探索存在的底细,花的底细。此刻它们是在研究月光与露水相遇,能否勾兑出宇宙中最可口的绿色饮料? 

       我来到山顶西侧的边缘,一片树林寂静地守着月色。偶尔传来一声鸟的啼叫,好像只叫了半声,也许忽然想起了作息纪律,怕影响大家的睡眠,就把另外半声叹息咽了回去——我惊叹这小小生灵的伟大自律精神。但我想它的灵魂里一定深藏着我们不能知晓的智慧。想想吧,它们在天空上见过多大的世面啊。它们俯瞰过,超越过多么多么多的事物,它们肯定从大自然的灵魂里获得了某种神秘的灵性。我走进林子,看见一棵橡树上挂着一个鸟巢。我踮 起脚尖,发现这是一个空巢,几根树枝一些树叶就是全部的建筑材料,它该是这个世界最简单的居所了,然而就是它庇护了注定要飞上天空的羽毛;那云端里倾洒的歌声,也是在这里反复排练。而此时它空着,空着的鸟巢盛满宁静的夜光,这使它看上去就像是一个微型的天堂。

       如果人真有来生,我期望我来生只是一只太阳雀鸟或知更鸟,几粒草籽、几滴露水就是 一顿好午餐。然后我用大量时间飞翔和歌唱。我的内脏与灵魂都朴素干净,飞上天空,不弄脏一片云彩,掠过大地,不伤害一片草叶。飞累了,天黑了,我就回到我树上的窝——我简单的卧室兼书房一一因为在夜深的时候,我也要读书,读这神秘的寂静和仁慈的月光。

1.本文是一篇构思新奇、富有想象力的散文。作者在月夜探访了哪些对象?表达了作者对大自然怎样的感情? 

    答:__________________________________________________________________________________

2.本文第一段描写南山上白瀑流泻似的月色,它在全文中的作用如何?

    答:___________________________________________________________________________                

3.本文语言优美,请你结合句子的修辞手法及其表达作用,对划线句加以赏析。

    答:__________________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                                                                          

4.作者月夜探访后竟然产生了要做一只鸟的奇妙想法,你有过类似的和自然亲密接触的经历吗?你收获了怎样的感悟?把它写下来,100字左右。

     答:_________________________________________________________________________________