问题 问答题 简答题

简述概述20世纪传播效果研究的发展概况。

答案

参考答案:

经历了三个时期:“魔弹论”所代表的“直接强力效果论”——由“传播流程”研究所代表的“有限效果论”——70年代以后重新强调大中传播效果和影响之强有力的“宏观效果理论”。这个过程与社会环境的变迁,传播媒介本身的发展以及社会科学理论的变化有着密切关系。

“魔弹论”的产生与当时传播媒介迅猛发展的环境有关,与大众社会理论流行有关;

“有限效果论”与大众媒介企业化,商业化的现代发展有关,与实证主义行为科学流行有关。

“宏观效果论”在大众传媒受到社会政治,经济,意识形态制约有关,强调传播活动的相对独立性,认为他对社会和个人具有强大影响。

阅读理解
阅读理解
     China's government has been trying all measures to reduce pollution in the past few years. Now people
can enjoy a fresh environment everywhere. The following two graphs are adopted from the column of "City
Information" on the webpage of Beijing Review.
Graph 1: Olympic Cities Air Quality Report
CityDateAPIMajor PollutantAir Quality DegreeQuality Condition
BeijingSep. 837N/AVery good
QinhuangdaoSep. 852PM10Good
QingdaoSep. 868PM10Good
ShanghaiSep. 867PM10Good
ShenyangSep. 888PM10Good
TianjinSep. 854PM10Good
Graph 2: Chinese National Standard
API ValuesLevels of health concernColors
When the API is in this range:...air quality conditions are:...as symbolized by this color:
0 to 50Very goodBlue
51 to 100GoodGreen
101 to 150Slight pollutionYellow
151 to 200Moderate pollutionOrange
201 to 250Medium pollutionRed
251 to 300High pollutionPurple
301 to 500HazardousBrown
Notes:
   **API stands for Air Pollution Index(指数).
   **Particulate matter (PM10) is a major component of air pollution that threatens both our health and our
environment. It consists of very small liquid and solid particles floating in the air.
   **Sulfur dioxide(SO2) acts as an acid.Inhalation(吸入) results in labored breathing, coughing, or a
sore throat and may cause permanent lung damage.
1. According to Graph 1, which of the following cities has the worst air pollution?
A. Qinhuangdao.    
B. Tianjin.
C. Qingdao                
D. Shenyang.        .
2. If your city is symbolized by either red or purple, the pollution in your city is      .
A. Moderate or high.        
B. Moderate or slight.   
C. Medium or high.        
D. Medium or slight.  
3. Which of the following statements is TURE?
A. With API value below 150 the air is free from being polluted.
B. The colors from purple to Yellow indicate the air quality is becoming much worse.
C. When there are floating solid particles and dust in the air, it is dangerous pollution.
D. On September 8th the color-symbol of Beijing City's air quality is 'Blue'.
4. When more citizens are beginning to have labored breathing soon after they are in the open air, it suggests that             .
A. there is a large amount of sulfur dioxide in the air
B. it is so cold that they may have caught a cold
C. they are starting to cough or have a fever
D. they must be infected with permanent lung disease
单项选择题