问题 问答题 简答题

简述社会群体的基本类型。

答案

参考答案:

1初级群体与次级群体——群体成员之间关系的亲密程度。

初级群体:直接群体、基本群体或首属群体。其成员相互熟悉、了解,以感情为基础形成亲密关系。家庭是典型形式。

次级群体:间接群体或次属群体,成员为了某种特定的目标集合在一起,通过明确的规章制度结成正规关系的社会群体。正式组织是典型形式。

2正式群体与非正式群体——群体的正规化程度及其成员间的互动方式。

正式群体,正规化程度高,互动制度化、规范化,权利义务及彼此关系有明确、书面规定。

非正式群体,正规化程度低,互动随意、常规。权利义务及彼此关系没有成文规定。

3内群体与外群体——成员对群体的心理归属。

内群体:成员在心理上自觉认同并归属于其中的群体。

外群体:内群体之外的其他任何别人的结合。

两者常互相隔离,或对立。

4所属群体与参照群体——成员的身份归属。

所属群体:规定成员身份的群体。

参照群体:并非某个人身份所属的群体,却被他们用作自己所属群体的参照对象。

5血缘群体、地缘群体、业缘群体与趣缘群体——群体内人际关系发生的缘由及其性质所作的区分。

血缘群体:血统或生理联系而形成。

地缘群体:空间或地理位置关系而形成。

业缘群体:劳动与职业间的关系而形成。

趣缘群体:相同或相似的兴趣、爱好、志向而形成。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

      Five million people visit Grand Canyon in the US every year. For the purpose of helping protect Grand

Canyon for your fellow visitors and future generations, please follow the guidelines below.

Camping 

To protect the park, camping is allowed only within permitted campgrounds. Permits (许可证) are required

for overnight camping at the North Rim. Advance booking can be received by mail. Please write: Information

Center, P.O. Box 129, Grand Canyon, AZ 86023

Fires

Because of the fire danger, campfires are not allowed except at Mather and Desert View campgrounds.

Collection of firewood is not allowed either.

Hiking

Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you

leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.

Weather

The weather at Grand Canyon can change very quickly. With so much rock, lightning causes a particular

danger during sudden summer storms. These storms also frequently bring floods inside valleys, a danger to

hikers. Watch the skies and check daily weather reports.

Wildlife

Do not feed park wildlife. There have been a few cases at Grand Canyon National Park where deer were

purposely shot because they ate plastic bags that left them sick and weak. Hungry deer can be dangerous and

they have kicked and bitten visitors at Grand Canyon. Some other animals will also beg and bite. For your own

safety and the well-being of the animals, please do not feed wildlife, no matter how gentle they may appear.

1. What can you do first if you want to go camping? [ ]

A. Know the permitted

B. Book campgrounds in advance

C. Make sure not to make a fire

D. Stop at Mather and Desert View

2. What do the underlined words "pack out what you pack in" in Paragraph 4 probably mean? [ ]

A. keep every out of campgrounds

B. take away everything you bring in

C. carry all the necessary food

D. look after your personal belongings

3. Why were some deer killed on purpose at Grand Canyon? [ ]

A. They ate wrong things and became very ill.

B. They were a danger to other gentle animals.

C. They begged food from visitors.

D. They kicked and bit visitors.

4. What is the main purpose of the text? [ ]

A. To provide travel information.

B. To report some recent news.

C. To teach tourists hiking skills.

D. To introduce the wild life.

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