问题 填空题

在19世纪,许多学者通过对动物的适应性进行研究,概括出了一些规律或法则,包括()、()、()、()。

答案

参考答案:格罗杰法则;爱伦法则;威尔逊法则;白纳德法则

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下列各题(22分)。

                 临河之城

                  习习

①黄土高原之上,黄河穿过全城的省城,大约只有兰州了。黄河自西向东穿过这个固若金汤之城,城市便随河蜿蜒成一条带子。河两岸,南北两山夹河而立,城中人在这条带状的河谷中生息。

②作为一个土生土长的兰州人,我人生的前二十多年就在这里度过。很有些时候,这个被大山夹击的狭长城市,让我感到逼仄胸闷、忍无可忍。常常,我从窗口呆望北山,想到我一辈子在兰州辛劳奔碌的父母,感到悲伤。

③但仿佛上了年岁,我还是对黄河真切地爱了起来。

④父亲一家生活在河北岸一个叫十里店的地方。我想那里曾是古老的驿站,距离城中十里之遥。赶往丝绸之路的旅人过了兰州城,驾车渡河、哒哒的马蹄在黄河北岸西行,在十里店稍作歇息,继续往西……黄河边水车林立,水车日夜不息抽出河水灌溉农田,紧邻黄河的农业就这样切近地靠在城边。农人依偎黄河,自给自足。父亲跟着爷爷做棺材营生,棺木就来源于岸边的树木。而母亲一家在黄河以南离河约十里远的南山上,种植小麦豆菽,靠天吃饭。即使近切地临着黄河,因为没有提灌,北山也一样干涸。靠天吃饭的南山北山门当户对、两山上农家的儿女们互相联姻。与我父母一样,他们过河相会。

⑤很长一段时间,河上只有白塔山脚下的那座铁桥。这个漂亮的铁桥由外国人修建于清朝光绪年间,被称为“天下黄河第一桥”。铁桥像一粒纽扣,连接了南北两岸。铁桥处最早是一个有几十只船只连起来的浮桥,在古代,控扼河西走廊、青海、宁夏,又是丝绸之路的必经之地。加之南北两山作屏障。兰州的固若金汤名至实归,在兰州古城南门城楼上,曾高挂上书“万里金汤”四个煌煌大字的巨匾。

⑥传说国人申奥那年,一个兰州人想出资用上好的油漆把铁桥的五个弧形钢梁粉刷成五种不同的颜色;另有一个它的传奇,说有人私自决定将这座老桥卖给了外国人,当时把大家吓懵了,许多义愤填膺的兰州人一时搞不清这等大事是真是假。

⑦前一年,一位离兰几十年的老作家回到兰州,我亲见他跪在河边,喝了一口黄河水。我陪他乘着已作为游赏工具的羊皮筏子漂在河上,筏子跟着波浪在河上划着一道道弧线,天像蓝斗篷,风在耳边尖细地吹着。筏子头上,筏客子用土土的兰州话唱道:吉祥葫芦牛肉面,羊皮筏子赛军舰;坑上蹲个尕老汉,沙锅里煮着洋芋蛋……远方的游子潸然泪下。

⑧当我游走于南方一眼望不到边的平畴沃野,会忽然怀念起兰州的跌宕起伏,想那逼仄的两山实为稳妥内心的佳处。高山静立、河水汤汤,亘古未变,里面其实有着大道理。

⑨兰州人喜欢登临城南的皋兰山。至最高处三台阁俯瞰,可尽览兰州全貌。天睛时,可看到黄河像一条晶亮的带子,蜿蜒流过城中。兰州城像画片一样高楼林立,大街小巷蛛网般密集。街市间,兰州人摩肩接踵,没有被逼仄和荒凉压迫—一河流用它的悠长和开阔慰藉着人心。

⑩盛夏的傍晚,兰州人纷纷走到河边纳凉嬉戏。我也喜欢在河边静坐,若有好友从远方来,邀于岸边的趸船上,喝酒喝茶至深夜,说够了世间的话,然后听河的声音、看河流向远方、迎接河带来的满谷的风……

⑪传说,先前,皋兰山生长一种兰草,兰州因此而得名。“每丛五六叶,叶窄于韭,长三四寸,开花如马兰而小,色蓝微紫”。两山荒凉突兀,小小的兰草,为这坚硬的城池平添了一份柔软,仿佛一本厚重苍老的古书里夹的一本兰花签。  

                    (选自《读者》乡土人文版2008·8,有删节)

小题1:第⑥段中写有关黄河铁桥的“传说”和“传奇”有什么作用?(4分)

小题2:在黄河边上浏览时,为什么筏客子的一段唱,使“远方的游子潸然泪下”?(6分)

小题3:联系文章,回答下面的问题。(6分)

(1)文章的第⑧段说“里面其实有着大道理”,这里的“大道理”是什么?

(2)文章末尾“仿佛一本厚重苍老的古书里夹的一枚兰花签”,说说你对这句话的理解。

小题4:文中说“我还是对黄河真切地爱了起来”,联系全文,分条概括作者对黄河产生“爱”的原因。(6分 )

阅读理解

For many businessmen online education has been a dream. Now it has come true. The investment (投资) in higher education, whether financial or in terms of time, has long been impossible for many of them. But well-known educational institutions have chosen to deliver an internet-based program, and these barriers have been lifted.

That is good news for people eager to improve themselves and is more attractive to employers. It is also a benefit to industry with better qualified candidates applying for jobs at every level.

Having the benefits of a higher qualification without going to the university campus is attractive to many students. Campus study means greater cost, while online programs are flexible and save time, whether at home or at work. Students can achieve their degrees without causing too much disruption to their career or home life.

In addition to affordable, flexible classes and greater convenience, students also have access to the online learning resources of many of the world’s top educational institutions. They can also communicate with their tutors no matter what time it is or whether either party is away for any reason.

This has opened up the possibility of getting a qualification from a university or college that many students could only have dreamed of in the past. It also allows specialists to get the precise qualifications and focus on their studies. As well as seeing the increase of applicants from lower-incomes and housewives, studying online in the US is even becoming popular with younger people of college age.

Employers have become increasingly welcome and positive to online qualifications as more candidates earn them, especially if they’re properly approved by the US Department of Education.

US institutions have led the way in online education provision. Many top US colleges and universities offer a range of online programs that are highly respected and in every way perfectly fit for adults who need to combine their studies with a working life.

小题1:According to Paragraph 1, many US colleges and universities      .

A.have begun to lift the barriers to financial investment

B.have had a dream of offering online education

C.have begun to run an internet-based program

D.have gained financial investment小题2:Why do people choose online education?

A.They can find jobs more easily than on-campus graduates.

B.They can get qualifications from US Department of Education.

C.They can invest money in different courses provided online.

D.They can save money and arrange their time and courses freely.小题3:The underlined word “disruption’’ in the third paragraph probably mean     .

A.interruption

B.attention

C.attraction

D.dissatisfaction小题4:Which would be a good title for the passage?

A.Adult Education Online

B.Top US Universities Offering Online Education

C.The Best of USA’s Online Education

D.Online Education Taking the Place of Campus Education