问题 填空题

碳水化合物主要包括:()、()、()、()和果胶物质等。

答案

参考答案:单糖;双糖;淀粉;纤维素和半纤维素

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成以下小题。(25分)

一位让人心疼的大师

余秋雨

在欧洲,有一位让人心疼的大师,那就是西班牙的塞万提斯,《堂吉诃德》的作者。

他的生平,连随口讲几句都很不忍心。

他只上过中学,无钱上大学,23岁当兵,第二年在海战中左手残废。他拖着伤残之身仍在军队服役,谁料4年后遭海盗绑架,因交不出赎金被海盗折磨了整整5年。脱离海盗后开始写作,后因父亡家贫,再次申请到军队工作,任军需,又因受人诬陷而入狱。出狱后任税吏,又第二次入狱,出狱后开始写《堂吉诃德》,但是就在此书出版的那一年,他家门前有人被刺,他因莫名其妙的嫌疑而第三次入狱,后又因女儿的陪嫁事项再一次出庭受审……

总之,这位身体残废的文化巨人有很长时间是在海盗窝和监狱中度过的,他的命运实在太苦了。

《堂吉诃德》已经出版,而且引起广泛轰动。但是,无论是地方官员还是法官,明明知道他的文学才华却不愿凭着一点良知,认真审查他遭受的灾难,给他一点点起码的公平。

当时的西班牙与英国不同,没有让只读过中学的塞万提斯像莎士比亚那样受到一批“大学才子”的审判,审判他的是真的法庭。然而正是这些真的法庭,使他联想到绑架了他5年之久的海盗,他们也有事没事就审判他。

当海盗的审判与法庭的审判连在一起组成他的人生过程时,他不能不摇头苦笑。

我一时想不出世界上还有哪位作家比塞万提斯承受过更多的苦难。他无法控诉了,因为每一项苦难来自不同的方向,他控诉哪方?

因此,塞万提斯开始冶炼苦难。一个作家,如果吞入多少苦难便吐出多少苦难,总不是大本事,而且这在实际上也放纵了苦难,居然让它囫囵出入、毫发无损。塞万提斯恰恰相反,他在无穷无尽的遭遇中摸透苦难的心窍,因此对它既不敬畏也不诅咒,而是凌驾于它的头上,俯视它的来龙去脉,然后再反躬自问。  终于,他的抵达正是另一个人物的出发,那就是骑瘦马、举长矛的堂吉诃德。这是塞万提斯用自身苦难铸造成的,由此证明他已彻底降伏苦难,获得了一种人类学上的读解。

堂吉诃德一起步,世界破涕为笑。

于是,塞万提斯也就在至高层次上诠释了漫画和寓言。

前一段时间我在马德里看到了塞万提斯的纪念雕像,雕像的下前方便是堂吉诃德的骑马像,后面还跟着桑丘。堂堂一国的首都在市中心以群雕方式来纪念他,而且把这个纪念广场以国名相称,叫做西班牙广场,我看在规格上已超过莎士比亚。这片土地以隆重的骄傲来洗刷以往的无知,很可理解。但遗憾的是,堂吉诃德和桑丘的雕像过于写实,就像是用油画的笔法描摹一幅天才的漫画,成了败笔。德国美学家莱辛在《拉奥孔》中曾娓娓论述,由史诗转换成雕塑是一种艰难的再创造,可惜西班牙历来缺少莱辛这样等级的理论家。

西班牙广场上的这组雕塑,塞万提斯为白色,堂吉诃德和桑丘为黑色。白色的塞万提斯天天注视着眼前黑粗笨拙的这一对宝贝又会暗笑,就凭你们这模样怎么还能流浪远方,把苦难流浪成寓言?

塞万提斯晚年看到了别人伪作的《堂吉诃德》第二卷,于是赶紧又披挂上阵与文化盗贼搏斗,方式也就是赶写真的第二卷。真的第二卷出版次年,他因水肿病而去世。

说莎士比亚是一个假人,给塞万提斯一本假书,看来异地同理:都想否定他们的真实存在。他们太使周围垂涎,太使周围不安。

直到两百多年后,德国诗人海涅指出: 塞万提斯、莎士比亚、歌德成了三头统治,在叙事、戏剧、抒情这三类创作里分别达到登峰造极的地步。

在海涅眼里,只有这三头统治,只有这三座高峰。但是歌德出生太晚,并世而立的只有两头,同在欧洲,却隔着大海,当时两个国家还对立着。

我前面已经说过,似乎是上帝的安排,戏剧家莎士比亚戏剧性地在自己的生日那天去世,使4月23日成为一个奇怪的日子。谁知还有更奇怪的事情,似乎又是上帝,也只能是上帝,觉得两座高峰不能独遗一座,居然把塞万提斯的去世也安排在同一天!那么,1616年的4月23日,也就变得更加奇怪。

当时,无论是英国的斯特拉福,还是西班牙的马德里,都没有对他们的死亡有太大的惊讶。人类,要到很多年之后,才会感受到一种文化上的山崩地裂,但那已经是余震。真正的坍塌发生时,街市寻常,行人匆匆,风轻云淡,春意盎然。

小题1:对文章有关内容的分析和概括,最恰当的两项是(  )(  )(5分)

A.几次提及莎士比亚,说明了塞万提斯同莎士比亚一样具有传奇性和伟大的成就,而他的成功的背后却付出了比莎士比亚更多的辛酸。

B.堂堂一国的首都在市中心以群雕的方式纪念塞万提斯,说明西班牙人一直很看重塞万提斯。

C.西班牙广场上白色的塞万提斯注视着眼前黑粗笨拙的这一对宝贝暗笑,作者提及此处,主要目的是讽刺雕刻家技艺的拙劣。

D.塞万提斯的一生,受尽了磨难,然而也正是这些不幸成就了一位伟大的作家。E.本文通过对塞万提斯一生经历的概述,充分表达了作者对其不幸遭遇的同情。

小题2:本文标题为“一位让人心疼的大师”,请简要概括塞万提斯哪些方面让人心疼?(6分)

                                                                            

小题3:解释文中画线句子的含意。(6分)

①终于,他的抵达正是另一个人物的出发,那就是骑瘦马、举长矛的堂吉诃德。

                                                                              

②于是,塞万提斯也就在至高层次上诠释了漫画和寓言。

                                                                              

小题4:联系原文谈一谈塞万提斯被后人敬仰的原因。(8分)

                                                                              

阅读理解

One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a “sea of technology”rather than experiencing the natural world.Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors,which will change the wild places of the world,its creatures and human health for the worse,unless adults get working on child’s play.

Each of us has a place in nature we go sometimes,even if it was torn down.We cannot be the last generation to have that place.At this rate,kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes.“If the decline in parks use continues across North America,who will defend parks against encroachment(蚕食)?”asks Richard Louv,author of Last Child in the Woods.

Without having a nature experience,kids can turn out just fine,but they are missing out a huge enrichment of their lives.That applies to everything from their physical health and mental health,to stress levels,creativity and cognitive(认知的)skills.Experts predict modern kids will have poorer health than their parents—and they say a lack of outside play is surely part of it:research suggests that kids do better academically in schools with a nature component and that play in nature fosters(培养)leadership by the smartest,not by the toughest.Even a tiny outdoor experience can create wonder in a child.The three-year-old turning over his first rock realizes he is not alone in the world.A clump of trees on the roadside can be the whole universe in his eyes.We really need to value that more.

Kids are not to blame.They are over-protected and frightened.It is dangerous out there from time to time,but repetitive stress from computers is replacing breaking an arm as a childhood rite(仪式)of passage.

Everyone from developers,to schools and outdoors’ citizens,should help regain for our kids some of the freedom and joy of exploring,taking friendship in fields and woods that cement(增强)love,respect and need for the landscape.As parents,we should devote some of our energies to taking our kids into nature.This could yet be our greatest cause.

小题1:The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that_______.

A.kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoors

B.parks are in danger of being gradually encroached

C.Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the Woods

D.children are expected to develop into protectors of nature小题2:According to the passage,children without experiencing nature will______.

A.keep a high sense of wonder

B.be over-protected by their parents

C.be less healthy both physically and mentally

D.change wild places and creatures for the better小题3:According to the author,children’s breaking an arm is_______.

A.the fault on the part of their parents

B.the natural experience in their growing up

C.the result of their own carelessness in play

D.the effect of their repetitive stress from computers小题4:In writing this passage,the author mainly intends to_______.

A.blame children for getting lost in computer games

B.encourage children to protect parks from encroachment

C.show his concern about children’s lack of experience in nature

D.inspire children to keep the sense of wonder about things around