问题 综合题

阅读下列材料:

材料一:秦武王二年(公元前309年)始置左、右丞相,佐助君主国家军政要务。嬴政统一全国以后,设置“三公”其中御史大夫职位相对低而权限重,太尉一职虚有其位而无实人。

材料二院以天下之广,四海之众,千端万绪,须合变通,皆委百司商量,于事稳便方可奏行。岂得以一日万机,独断一人之虑也。

———《贞观政要》引唐太宗语

材料三:传统相权的衰落,宋代是一关键。据司马光说:“淳化中……太宗患中书权太重,且事众,宰相不能悉领理。向敏中时为谏官,上言分中书吏房置审官院,刑房置审刑院。

材料四:自秦以下,人人君天下者,皆不鉴秦设相之患,相从而命之,往往病及于国君者,其故在擅专福威。

———黄佐《南雍志》引明太祖语

请回答:

(1)据材料一,“三公”的出现有何实质意义?御史大夫的设置反映了什么矛盾?

(2)据材料二,唐太宗对丞相的态度是怎样的?

(3)据材料三,为什么说“传统的相权的衰落,宋代是一关键”?

(4)元代实行了怎样的政治运行机制?据此并结合材料四说明明朝废除丞相的原因和措施。

(5)综合上述材料,说明封建专制主义中央集权制度发展的基本趋势及对中国社会造成的主要影响。

答案

(1)“三公”的出现是对世袭制的否定。御史大夫的设置是君权与相权矛盾的产物。

(2)态度:设宰相筹划大事,以弥补君主的不足。实行三省六部制,三省长官都是宰相,既相互牵制又互为补充;同时相权三分,有利于加强皇权。

(3)宋代设参知政事分割宰相的行 * * ,设枢密院分割宰相的军权,设三司使分割宰相的财 * * ,而且还削掉了宰相的用 * * 和司法权。

(4)元朝实行行省制,中书省长官就是宰相。原因:中书省权力过重。措施:废丞相,权归六部,六部长官直接对皇帝负责。

(5)趋势:相权渐趋衰落,皇权日益强化。虽然有助于统一的多民族国家的巩固和发展,但阻碍了新思想和新经济因素的产生和发展。

君权与相权的矛盾是专制主义中央集权体制内部两大矛盾之一,本题以此为主题,考查了学生阅读分析材料及深入分析历史问题的能力。对第(1)题,要从对世袭制度的否定这一角度分析其意义;从材料二、三看出,唐宋两代对待宰相的态度有很大差别,因而其政治运行机制也有显著不同,可结合所学知识分析回答第(2)、(3)题;对第(5)题,要围绕相权与君权矛盾的发展,分析其基本趋势和主要影响。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

      Computer technology (技术) has become an important part of people's life. This technology has its

own special words. One well-known computer word is Google. It is the name of a popular "search engine

(引擎)" for the Internet.

      People use the search engine to find information about almost any subject on the Internet. The people

who started the company named it Google because in math Google is a very large number-one hundred

zeros follow the number one. When you "Google" a subject, you can get a lot of information about it.

      If you Google someone, you might find that person's name on a blog. A blog (博客) is short for a Web

log. It is a personal Web page. Some people write blogs to express their opinions and ideas over the Internet.

Some use them to share their lives with faraway friends or family. Others write blogs to help them deal with

sickness, money problems or to choose movies to see or books to read. Some people add information to their

blogs every day. People who have blogs are called bloggers.

根据短文内容,判断句子的正(T)误(F)。

( )1.Google and Blog are two kinds of popular search engine.

(     )2.One can use Google to search the Internet for all information he wants.

(     )3.People may use Google to share their opinions or ask others for help.

(     )4.Bloggers should add information to their blogs every day.

(     )5.From the passage we can infer (推断) that computer technology is changing people's life.

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