问题 问答题 论述题

氧枪喷头损坏的原因和停用标准是什么?

答案

参考答案:

喷头损坏的原因有:

(1)高温钢渣的冲刷和急冷急热作用。喷头的工作环境极其恶劣,氧流喷出后形成的反应区温度高达约2500℃,喷头受高温和不断飞溅的熔渣与钢液的冲刷和浸泡,逐渐地熔损变薄;由于温度频繁地急冷急热,喷头端部产生龟裂,随着使用时间的延续龟裂逐步扩展,直至端部渗水乃至漏水报废。

(2)冷却不良。研究证明,喷头表面晶粒受热长大,损坏后喷头中心部位的晶粒与新喷头相比长大5~10倍;由于晶粒的长大引起喷孔变形,氧射流性能变坏。

(3)喷头端面粘钢。由于枪位控制不当,或喷头性能不佳而粘钢,导致端面冷却条件变差,寿命降低。多孔喷头射流的中间部位形成负压区,泡沫渣及夹带的金属液滴熔渣被不断地吸入,当高温并具有氧化性的金属液滴击中和粘附在喷头端面的一瞬间,铜呈熔融状态,钢与铜形成Fr勘固溶体牢牢地粘结在一起,影响了喷头的导热性(钢的导热性只有铜的1/8),若再次发生炽热金属液滴粘结,会发生[Fe]-[O]反应,放出的热量使铜熔化,喷头损坏。

(4)喷头质量不佳。制作喷头用的铜,其纯度、密度、导热性能、焊接性能等比较差,造成喷头寿命低。经金相检验铜的夹杂物为CuO,并沿着晶界呈串状分布,有夹杂物的晶界为薄弱部位,钢滴可能从此侵入喷头的端面导致喷头被损坏。

氧枪喷头停用的标准如下:

(1)喷孔出口变形大于等于3mm,应更换。

(2)喷孔蚀损变形,冶炼指标恶化,应及时更换。

(3)喷头、氧枪出现渗水或漏水,要更换。

(4)喷头或枪身涮进大于等于4mm时,应更换。

(5)喷头或枪身粘钢变粗达到一定直径,应立即更换。

(6)喷头被撞坏、枪身弯曲大于40mm时,应更换。

阅读理解

BEIJING, Nov. 30 – The Bird’s Nest may have been built for last year’s Summer Games but Beijing’s Olympic stadium will soon be aiming at fans of winter sports.

As temperatures have begun to drop in recent weeks, so too has the number of visitors to the 80,000-seater venue, which cost 3.6 billion yuan ($527 million) to build.

And, fearing another harsh (寒冷的) winter, National Stadium Co Ltd, which owns the Bird’s Nest, yesterday planed to spend 50 million yuan on a “snow festival”.  

From Dec 19, visitors will be able to pay 120 yuan to enjoy skiing and snowboarding, among other things, on its newly constructed slopes.

The stadium owners expect to attract more than 20,000 visitors a day – twice as many as it currently does – during the two-month festival, which will include events for both the Western and Chinese new years.

Officials revealed it would take just 5,000 visitors a day to cover the costs of the project.

“It’s not a bad idea. You can ski on man-made snow in Dubai, so why not here?” said Heiko Grasse, a tourist from Germany, yesterday.

Famous outdoor equipment makers and local brands are in talks over sponsorship for the event, the Bird’s Nest owners said yesterday, while the capital’s television network will also provide 500 hours of coverage.

“The Bird’s Nest will not have a cold winter again,” Wu Jingjun, the new president of National Stadium Co Ltd, told China Daily yesterday. “We will create seasonal events almost every month from now on with assistance from the government and, importantly, the public.”

Yang Cheng, a newly appointed vice-president of National Stadium Co Ltd, said the snow festival would run for five consecutive winters if successful.

60. How many people visit The Bird’s Nest a day before the “snow festival”?

A. About 80,000.   B. About 20,000.    C. About 10,000.   D. About 5,000. 

61. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A. The “snow festival” will attract more visitors from China than the Western countries.

B. People aren’t allowed to visit The Bird’s Nest before Dec 19.

C. The “snow festival” would run for at least five winters.

D. More than 2.4 million yuan a day is expected to be made in the “snow festival”.

62. What does Wu Jingjun mean by saying “The Bird’s Nest will not have a cold winter again”?

A. The Bird’s Nest will be kept at high temperatures in winter.

B. Winter Olympic Games will be held in The Bird’s Nest.

C. The “snow festival” will provide many events in winter.

D. The Bird’s Nest will get much more assistance from the government.

63. Which of the following may NOT be included in the “snow festival” events?

A. A football game.  B. Skiing.  C. Snowboarding.  D. A New Year’s Party. 

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