问题 问答题 论述题

试述《庄子》的文学类型。

答案

参考答案:

庄子是一位优秀的散文作家和语言艺术大师,但从文学类型方面考察《庄子》一书,我们还是应当确认它属于寓言文学的范畴,《庄子》一书对于思想学说的表达主要是通过数量众多的寓言实现的.在庄子及其后学看来,这些寓言固然像捉兔捕鱼的”蹄””筌”一样,得到了鱼\兔,”蹄”“筌就成为多余;既然领会了高深的思想,语言就应该忘掉或抛弃。但是《庄子》寓言不但思想内容极为丰富,而且艺术成就十分突出,两者相得益彰,有机地结合在一起,既组成庄子著作的主体部分,也形成其文学特色的主要方面。

概括地说,《庄子》寓言故事的内容主要可以分为三大类:第一类是对抽象的哲学观念的形象阐述哦;第二类是对具体的生活、学习、以及技艺等哲理的寄寓性表达;第三类则集中于对人的现实处境与社会状况的逼真描写

第一类寓言在《庄子》书中占了较大的比重,人们比较熟悉的《鲲鹏互化》意在演述宇宙人生的无限;“庖丁解牛”则是宣讲顺应天理,养生穷年思想的寓言;庄子与东郭子的绥化诗形象阐述哲学概念—“道”的有名故事;孔子与颜回讨论“心斋”“坐忘”的两段寓言和“悠、忽为混沌凿七窍”的故事也都有同样的性质,诗这一类寓言中的精品。

第二类寓言不但数量算得上最多,而且也大多为人熟知,像《逍遥游》篇中“不龟手之药”诗讲用小与用大的不同;“大树之樗”是讲无用之用,都是人们耳熟能详的故事。再由“望洋兴叹”“邯郸学步”“佝偻承蜩”“梓庆削木”以及“运斤成风”“材与不材”等寓言说明处世和学习的道理,形象生动,寓意深刻,历来为读者所称道。此外,《庄子》书中遂于体道之人—“至人”“神人”“圣人的生存状态和完美人格的多方面的形象描绘其实也是庄子哲学思想的具体化表现,也应归入此类。

第三类寓言在《庄子》书中虽然数量不多,却具有极强的现实针对性,形成庄子文学的批判精神。在庄子看来,现实的人间社会i乌烟瘴气,污浊不堪,而其所以如此,往往由于统治阶级的昏庸腐败、利欲熏心所致。同时,庄子还这出虚伪狡诈、唯利是图的社会关系对人类心灵造成的危害。这类寓言尤其以“蜗角之战”“儒以诗礼发冢”“神龟见梦”“曹商使秦”“朝三暮四”“惠子相梁”“庄周游于雕陵之樊”等最为有名。下面列举《外物》篇所载“儒以诗礼”。

阅读理解

Maple Lane Bakery

At 8260 S. State Rd. Claypool, IN. (574) 566-2917, it offers a variety of cooked pies, cookies, and bread. With 20 years’ experience Maple Lane Bakery has specialized in the making of pies. The menu includes peach pie $7.19, berry pie $ 7.70, apple pie $7.19 and banana pie $6.99. Feel free to place an order at least 24 hours in advance.

Berry’s Cakes &Candy Shop

At 816 E. Winona Avenue Warsaw, IN. (574)269-1231, it specializes in cakes and offers cookies and candies. The chocolate cookies are sold at $8.99 a dozen. Betty’s Cakes &Candy Shop, started half a century ago, specializes in wedding cakes and birthday cakes. Buying a cake from Betty’s will not disappoint you as they are always excellent.

Crepes’ Quality Bakery

At 217 S. Cavin Street Ligonier, IN. (260)894-3024, this bakery with a history of over a century is located downtown Ligonier. It offers cookies and cupcakes, and specializes in rolls and bread. If you plan to buy cookies for the office or work area, you had better get there early as the building workers arrive just before 5:00am waiting for the doors to open.

Olympia Candy Kitchen

At 136 N. Main Street Goshen, IN. (574)533-5040, it has been welcoming visitors for almost a century in its unchanged location in downtown Goshen, Indiana. Its tradition began in 1912 when Greek Nicholas began making his own chocolates. Today this family-owned operation offers all kinds of candies and boxed candies.

If you need an order, you should call ahead of time to see if they can meet your request.

小题1: Which of the following pies is the most expensive?

A.Peach pie.

B.Banana pie.

C.Apple pie.

D.Berry pie.小题2:If you want to order a birthday cake, you are advised to call______.

A.(574)533-5040

B.(574)269-1231

C.(260)894-3024

D.(574)566-2917小题3:Which of the following bakeries has the shortest history?

A.Crepes’ Quality Bakery

B.Betty’s Cake & Candy Shop

C.Olympia Candy Kitchen

D.Maple Lane Bakery小题4:The author wrote this passage mainly to ______.

A.tell readers some travel information

B.persuade more people to eat pies

C.make the bakeries better known to readers

D.warn customers to order bakeries in advance

单项选择题