问题 问答题 简答题

中国古代的财政收入制度,为什么会经历从控制人丁为主到控制地产为主的演变过程?

答案

参考答案:

任何时代的国家都是需要依赖财政收入来维持其统治机器的运转,财政收入由财务和劳务构成,在传统农业社会,财务主要来自土地,劳务主要提供这是农民,专制国家为了获得赋税和力设则加强对土地和农民的控制,由于生产力水平差异和土地制度的差异,古代财政制度大致分为人丁为本和地产为本两个阶段。

1、中国古代的早期阶段,生产力水平低下,剩余产品有限且不稳定,国家必然对劳动者人身的直接控制作为获得财政收入的主要方法,便形成了人丁为本的财政收入制度。按人丁征收赋役的财政原则,反映了专制国家在物质财富尚不丰富的条件下,通过控制劳动者人身来控制社会资源的制度取向。

2、由于唐中期均田制度名存实亡,逃避赋役,地主兼并等原因,不闹农民里考故土,四处流散,没有固定的产籍,严重冲击了赋役征收,租庸调制难以为继,以地产为本获得财政收入的制度开始了,其标志是两税法的实施。以后,宋、元、明、清、时期,以地产为主要的财政收入格局基本保持不变。总之在中国古代早期阶段,生产力水平低下,商品货币经济脆弱,财富剩余有限,以此为基础,为了维护统治着经济与政治,财政制度与社会经济相适应,与政治状况高度关联,财政制度中对劳动者的人身的控制多于对土地的控制,财政收入结构表现为人头税对于土地税,以控制人丁为主,随着农业生产进步和商品货币经济的发展力设和人头税直逐渐被摊入土地,从控制人丁为主演变为控制地产为主。

阅读理解

第三部分阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分,共30分)

(A)

It is easier to start to learn a new language than to become good at it. I’ve started to learn many new languages, such as French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Afrikaans (南非荷兰语), and so on. I can’t speak them yet, but I’ve started picking up a few words and phrases that help me when I’m visiting. Most importantly, I’ve had fun doing this.

I’ve started to learn Italian, but I haven’t learned any Italian grammar, and when I visit Italy I’m not able to speak Italian correctly. My aim is just to communicate at a very basic level when I visit a country, to make an effort, and to show appreciation of the language and culture. I’m not trying to talk about politics or explain my views on life. I pick key or useful words and phrases that I want to learn. For example, as a visitor to another country, the key words in a foreign language are the words which will be of the most use to you and which you will use most often. These key words and phrases will vary from visitor to visitor, depending on the purpose of their trip.

It is worth remembering that it is easier to start a task than to finish it, and the same goes for learning a new language. The better you are at it, the slower your rate of progress will be, as you have to learn grammar, words and so on. If you are only trying to learn a few foreign words and phrases, you will make faster progress, have more fun, and won’t have to spend too much time on any given language.

61. From the second paragraph, we can infer that ______.

A. the writer is good at Italian, although it is rather difficult

B. the writer doesn’t like learning Italian because it is no fun

C. discussing politics or explaining one’s view requires an advanced language level

D. it is great fun to communicate with the local people in another country

62. Which of the following does the writer prefer to learn?

A. Sentence structure.        B. Important words and phrases.

C. Complicated sentences.        D. Grammar.

63. You can make faster progress ______.

A. if your language level is advanced  B. if you only try to learn some basic words

C. once you speak the language well 

D. once you have mastered several other languages

64. Which of the following would be the best title of this passage?

A. Starting Learning a New Language Is Easier than Becoming Good at It

B. How to Visit a Foreign Country

C. The Importance of Learning a Foreign Language

D. Why You Should Learn Several Foreign Languages

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