问题 填空题

通风即(),()是调节微小气候的主要方法。

答案

参考答案:室内空气与室外空气的流通;自然通风

完形填空

A subway is not just an important form of transport. It is also a window for other people to learn about local cultures.

Beijing, China

The Beijing Subway was opened in 1969 and is the oldest subway system in China. It has added some modern technologies. All stations now have touch-screen maps. In some stations, people can also see traditional Chinese cultures. For example, on the walls of a few stations of Line 8, there are some pictures of blue and white porcelain(青花瓷).

Stockholm, Sweden

The system of the Stockholm Subway has 100 stations in use, of which 47 are underground and 53 above ground. The first subway line for Stockholm was opened in 1950.The Stockholm Subway is well-known for its decoration of the stations. It is called the longest art gallery in the world. Over 90 percent of its stations are decorated with paintings. A few stations are decorated with red bedrocks(岩床). This makes you feel as if you are in a cave.

London, UK

The London Underground or the Tube is the oldest subway in the world. It was opened in 1863. During World War II, it was used to protect people from German plane attacks(袭击)on London. Now, it is a symbol of the city. There is no air conditioning in the trains, so it is very hot in summer.

New York, US

The New York City Subway has the most extensive public transportation system in the world, with 469 stations. It is also one of the world’s oldest public transit systems. The New York City Subway runs 24 hours a day. It has an express train on almost every line. You can get to your destination(目的地)safely. The trains themselves are full of fun; you will see people doing moonwalk dances like Michael Jackson, playing the guitar and singing.

小题1:The _____is called the longest art gallery in the world.

A.Beijing Subway

B.Stockholm Subway

C.London Underground

D.New York City Subway小题2:Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Michael Jackson used to dance in the New York City Subway.

B.Tourists feel cool when they take the London Underground in summer.

C.Several stations of the Stockholm Subway are built in caves.

D.Some stations of the Beijing Subway are decorated with pictures of porcelain.小题3:We may read the passage from a_____.

A.travel magazine

B.science book

C.newspaper report

D.picture book

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的内容,完成下面3题

诏书,作为皇帝专用的公文文体,已有两千多年历史。在封建社会,诏书的发布关系到军国大事、国计民生,也体现了封建皇权。汉代刘熙《释名·释典艺》说:“诏书。诏,照也。人暗不见事宜,则有所犯。以此示之,使昭然,知所有由也。”以同声相训,释“诏”为为“照”。唐代吕向《文选》注回:“诏,照也。天子出言,如日之照于天。”吕向引申刘熙说法,把“照”的主体明确为太阳,以“日”拟君主,更形象地说明了诏书既具有至高无上的权威性,又兼有教人事理、温暖人心的功能。

诏书从其定型到消亡,伴随着中国封建社会的兴亡,所以诏书是研究中国封建社会政治史的重要文献,在中国古代众多文体之中,具有相当独特的地住与价值。

作为皇帝专用的正式文书,诏书始于秦汉。据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载,秦始皇统一天下后,改“命为制,令为诏”。任昉《文章缘起》也明确地说“诏,起秦时”。而明代黄佐认为,“诏”字的原始意义就是用语言昭示他人。在汉以前,“诏”是人们日常通用之辞,到了汉代才成为天子的专用文体。黄佐的《六艺流别》以汉代为诏书文体的代表性时代,该书收录的诏书。全采自汉代而不及其他时代。

诏书既是从前代其他“王言”文体改名而成,它的渊源必然可以追溯到更远古的时代。刘勰在《文心雕龙·宗经》中说:“诏策奏章,则《书》发其源。”这是从宗经的角度,比较笼统地把《尚书》看成诏策奏章的渊源。《文心雕龙·诏策》认为诏书源出于轩辕唐虞之时,诏之名出自《周礼》“明君之诏”。吴曾祺《文体刍言》则认为周文王的《诏牧》、《诏太子发》是诏书文体名称的源头,他说:“周文王有《诏牧》、《诏太子发》二篇,诏之称权舆(即“起源”)于此。后世相传秦始皇始为诏,然其文不可得见。汉诏则存者多矣,其文词典雅,为历朝之所不及。亦其近古然也。”清末王兆芳的《文体通释》和近人薛风昌的《文体论》皆持类似观点。从《诏牧》产生的背景与内容来看,周文王《诏牧》是在遭受天荒时,要求官员鼓励农耕而发布的命令,类似于后代的劝农诏。《诏太子发》则是周文王对太子发的教育和训导。吴氏等人以之为诏书文体名称的源头,有一定的合理性。

不过,吴曾祺说:“后世相传秦始皇始为诏,然其文不可得见。”今检严可均《全秦文》卷一收录了秦始皇《诏丞相隗状王绾》和秦二世胡亥的《诏李斯冯去疾》,可以看作是秦代的诏书。《诏丞相隗状王绾》一文说:“诏丞相状、绾:法度量则不壹,歉疑者皆壹之。”虽然文字简短,但其内容是关于统一度量衡制度的诏书,十分重要。

《汉书》收录西汉诏书甚多。文体学家都认为,汉诏是诏书文体体制的典范。由于统一 * * 需要正规的公文运作,汉诏的写作与运用也趋于规范化。

(节选自《古典文学知识》2008年第2期)

小题1:下列选项中关于“诏书”的说明,不正确的一项是

A.诏书的发布与军国大事、国计民生相关,也体现着封建皇权。

B.诏书作为公文文体为皇帝所专用,是从秦汉时期开始的,已有两千多年历史。

C.诏书除具有无比的权威性外,还有教人事理、温暖人心的一面。

D.诏书有助于研究封建社会政治史,是古代众多文体中价值与地位最高的一种。小题2:下列说法中不属于对“诏书”渊源解说的一项是

A.诏策奏章,则《书》发其源。

B.诏之名出自《周礼》“明君之诏”。

C.《诏牧》、《诏太子发》二篇,诏之称盖权舆于此。

D.汉诏则存者多矣,其文词典雅,为历朝之所不及。小题3:下列表述不符合原文意思的一项是

A.唐代的吕向发展了汉代刘熙的说法,对诏书的特性及功能做了更形象的说明。

B.明代黄佐认为,到了汉代诏书才成为天子的专用文体,典范的诏书全出自汉代。

C.清末王兆芳和近人薛凤昌认为周文王的《诏牧》、《诏太子发》是诏书文体名称的源头。

D.秦始皇的《诏丞相隗状王绾》、胡亥的《诏李斯冯去疾》表明诏书在秦代就已经出现了。。