问题 名词解释

变异性对民间文学的发展具有怎样的影响?

答案

参考答案:

变异性又称变易性。民间文学是活的语言艺术,它保存在人们的记忆里,流传在人们的口耳间,永远没有定稿。纵然有时被整理成文、出版、发表,也非最终定稿,它只不过是处于暂时的稳定状态,一旦回到民间,它又将继续处于不断变化状态,民间文学的这种不断变化的特征叫变异性。

民间文学的变异性大量地、经常地表现在作品的语言变化上,同时也表现在作品的内容、情节、主题、形象、结构等要素的变化上。民间文学的变异性特征是由集体性、口头性特征所带来的,因为口传心授,靠记忆保存,又要在集体流传中不断受到人们的加工改造,所以其变异在所难免。

变异性对民间文学发展的影响具有两重性。一方面显示了民间文学不断变化的灵活性和适应性,使作品与人民的生活同步发展,与时代的脉搏一起跳动,在不断变化中吸收养分、日益完善,获得永久的生命力。另一方面也可能由于遗忘和误传而使作品中的某些精彩部分失去原有光彩,变得残缺不全,甚至面目全非,造成对民间文学的损害,这又是它的局限性。民间文学的变异,对民间文学的搜集和研究有着重要的意义。搜集同一作品的丰富异文,便于在充分占有材料的基础上进行比较研究,探寻其来龙去脉和传承的特点,认识其发展变化规律。

填空题

[A] The petitioners argue that repealing the tax will cost the Treasury billions of dollars in lost revenues and will result in either increased taxes in the long run or cuts to Medicare, Social Security, environmental protection and other government programs. Repealing the levy "would enrich the heirs of America’s millionaires and billionaires, while hurting families who struggle to make ends meet," the petition says.

[B] About 120 wealthy Americans had signed or supported a petition to oppose phasing out the tax. President Bush has included the repeal of the tax in his $1.6 trillion tax-cut proposal. Normally when "dozens" of Americans join in a political cause, it is not particularly noteworthy, but in this case the dozens include: George Soros, a billionaire financier; Warren Buffett, an investor listed as America’s fourth-richest person; the philanthropist David Rockefeller Jr. ; and William Gates Sr. , a Seattle lawyer and father of America’s richest man, Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates.

[C] Buffett and company cite these factors in their petition calling for opposition to the estate-tax repeal. They also discuss something that’s equally emotional and far more complex: the principle of meritocracy. The idea that everyone in America has an equal chance, that our fates are not determined by accidents of birth, is one of our core values. And nowhere is this principle more revered than in the technology economy; entrepreneurship is almost by definition an expression of meritocracy.

[D] Buffett told the Times that repealing the estate tax would be a "terrible mistake" and the equivalent of "choosing the 2020 Olympic team by picking the eldest sons of the gold medal winners in the 2000 Olympics. "

[E] An old brokerage commercial says: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He earned it." There was a perfect parody of the ad in which the line read: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He inherited it. " In 20 or 50 or 100 years, which of these lines will be right Buffett and Soros and friends, to their credit, want to help make the first one real. Let’s hope this is only one step in that process.

[F] It was refreshing to see Buffett and George Soros and a number of other extremely wealthy luminaries stand up in opposition to President Bush’s proposed repeal of the estate tax. While the policy has some emotional attractions—it would protect the inheritors of some small businesses from having to sell the companies to pay taxes, and it is true that most people have been taxed on their savings once already—in practice the tax repeal would mainly be a windfall for a very small number of very, very rich people.

[G] President will make his case for his $1.6 trillion tax cut plan, delivering a speech at a community center in St. Louis. The proposal would slash federal tax rates across all levels of income, eliminate the so-called marriage penalty and phase out estate taxes. Democrats complain that the plan—which would cut the top rate from 39 to 33 percent—would disproportionately benefit the wealthy and unnecessarily squander expected budget surpluses. Some of the richest Americans are urging Congress not to repeal the estate tax, The New York Times reported on Wednesday. (Feb. 14)

Order:

43()

选择题