问题 问答题 简答题

什么是电压稳定和电压崩溃?

答案

参考答案:

电压稳定是指电网电压保持在某一规定的运行极限之内的能力,在已经出现的许多“电压不稳定”的研究示例中,它们开始全然没有“角度不稳定”即将来临的迹象,只是局部现象,当发生电压不稳定时,却能够很快发展成为波及到广阔地域的电压崩溃,造成大面积电。为此,近年来,电压不稳定性问题已成为一个独立的研究课题。

电压崩溃通常是指由于电压不稳定而导致系统内出现一系列设备元件停运,从而造成大面积、大幅度的电压下降和供电中断的过程。在电压稳定和功角稳定之间并不总能清晰地区分“是电压崩溃造成失步还是失步造成电压崩溃?”这些只有在对事故录波进行仔细的分析之后才能准确回答。

在电力系统运行中,由于无功电源(发电机、调相机或静电电容器)的突然切除或电力系统的无功电源不足,当负荷(特别是无功负荷)慢慢增加到一定程度时,有可能使电压大幅度下降到极限电压,以致发生所谓电压崩溃现象。这时,系统中大量电动机停止转动,大量发电机甩掉负荷,最后导致电力系统的解列,甚至使电力系统的一部分或全部瓦解。电压崩溃通常发生在夏季过程,电网发生故障开始通常不是由于设备的过负荷,而是由于无功供应缺乏。如2003年发生的8.14美加大停电(详见附录三)虽然已被认定为电压崩溃,但它却并非我们传统意义上的那种电压崩溃。典型的电压崩溃发生在重载荷、故障(减少了潮流到达负荷地区的可用路径的数目)或者无功短缺电网中,当无功输出与传送不能满足负荷的无功需求,并在电网中发生扰动引起电压渐进地并且不可控地下降时,经典的电压崩溃就会发生,如果这种崩溃持续,电压就会继续下降并引起其他设备的开断,从而导致电压进一步下降并失去负荷。当然在一些地点,电压也可能会稳定在一个较低的水平上。

从电压下降开始到发生电压崩溃,需要一段时间(几十秒到几分钟),所以采取提高电网电压的措施一般都来得及防止电压崩溃,为此,必须进一步加强对无功储备重要性的认识,尤其在目前辅助服务还不健全的电力市场环境下,发电商为了追求经济效益,在以最大容量发出有功功率的同时,不愿意发无功功率,这对电网的安全稳定运行是一很大威胁。因此,应制定统一的法规以激励独立发电商从维护整个系统安全的角度出发,在发生预想事故时,不仅向电网提供必要的有功支持,而且也要向电网提供必要的无功支持。

阅读理解

If an American is satisfied with you,he will put his thumb and forefinger into a circle.That means OK.But in Brazil,the very sign is considered to be rude.In Poland,a guest usually presents flowers to his hostess.The number must be an odd(奇数)one.Besides,the hostess isn’t expected to remove the cover of the bunch of flowers.And usually,the red rose is a sign of love.

Usually we nod to express our agreement and shake our heads to show disagreement.To our surprise these body movements mean the opposite in Bulgaria.

The differences in customs and cultures in the world are really noticeable.We should learn more about them to avoid embarrassment(窘迫).Then,would you please remember:When in Rome,do as the Romans do.

小题1:In Poland,if a man gives some odd red roses to a woman as a present,it means that he ____.

A.will invite her to a dinner party

B.has not been in love with her

C.will invite her to a party

D.has fallen in love with her小题2:If an American puts his thumb and forefinger into a circle,it shows that he_____ you.

A.will be friends with

B.is not been in love with

C.is willing to help

D.is satisfied with小题3:In Poland,it is _____ for the hostess to remove the cover of the bunch of flowers somebody has presented to her.

A.impolite

B.polite

C.strange

D.popular小题4:In Bulgaria,if a man nods, it means that he_____ with you.

A.will have a talk

B.disagrees

C.will shake hands

D.agrees小题5:The sentence“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.”Means that______.

A.we should learn from the Romans

B.we should work as the Romans do

C.we should obey its customs when we are in a foreign country

D.we have been Romans

单项选择题