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试述药理作用、效应、治疗作用、不良反应的概念，以及它们之间的关系。

答案

参考答案：

药理作用（drugaction）---药物导致效应的初始反应。

药理效应（pharmacologicaleffect）---药物引起的机体生理、生化功能或形态的变化。

治疗作用（therapeuticeffect）---符合用药目的、有利于防治疾病的药物作用。

不良反应（adversedrugreaction）---指不符合用药目的、并引起患者其他病痛或危害的反应。

关系：

（1）药物作用常是药物与靶点有特异性亲和力而识别和结合的，发生相互作用并引发药理反应。

（2）从信息转到角度描述：药物与机体信息转导系统（或通路）的受体或酶的识别和结合的初始反应，导致机体固有的生理、生化功能改变而产生药理效应。在此过程中，药物作用是动因，药理效应是结果。

（3）治疗作用与不良反应是由药物生物活性、作用机制决定而且必定存在的两重性作用。

问答题

What’s your earliest memory Do you remember learning to walk The birth of a sibling Nursery school Adults rarely remember events from much before kindergarten, just as children younger than 3 or 4 seldom recall any specific experiences (as distinct from general knowledge). Psychologists have floated all sorts of explanations for this “childhood amnesia”. The reductionists appealed to the neurological, arguing that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for forming memories, doesn’t mature until about the age of 2. But the reigning theory holds that since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults are struck with grown-up “schema”, the bare bones of narratives. (46)When they riffle through the mental filing cabinet in search of fragments of childhood memories to hang on this narrative skeleton, according to this theory, they don’t find any that fit. It’s like trying to find the French word in an English index.
Now psychologist Katherine Nelson of the City University of New York offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. (47)She argues that children don’t even form lasting, long-term memories of personal experiences until they learn to use someone else’s description of those experiences to turn their own short-term, fleeting recollections into permanent memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them — hear Mom recount that days’ trip to the dinosaur museum, hear Dad re- member aloud their trip to the amusement park.
Why should memory depend so heavily on narrative Nelson marshals evidence that the mind structures remembrances that way. (48)Children whose mothers talk about the day’s activities as they wind down toward bedtime, for instance, remember more of the day’s special events than do children whose mothers don’t offer this novelistic framework. Talking about an event in a narrative way helps a child remember it. (49)And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative, Nelson suggests, is the key to a permanent “autobiographical memory”, the specific remembrances that form one’s life story. (What you had for lunch yesterday isn’t part of it; what you ate on your first date with your future spouse may be.)
Language, of course, is the key to such a narrative. Children learn to engage in talk about the past. The establishment of these memories is related to the experience of talking to other people about them. (50)In particular, a child must recognize that a retelling — of that museum trip, say — is just the trip itself in another medium, that of speech rather than experience. That doesn’t happen until the child is perhaps four or five. By the time she’s ready for kindergarten she’ll remember all sorts of things. And she may even, by then, have learned’ not to blurt them out in public.
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判断题

经过充分训练的不比未经充分训练的人更能充分暴露临摹的特点。（）
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