问题 问答题 简答题

食品工厂部分专业性设备的设计与选型。

答案

参考答案:

(1)输送设备

固体输送设备和液体输送设备两大类。

固体物料输送设备:带式输送机、螺旋输送机和斗式输送机、气力输送、液力输送等

液体输送设备:真空吸料装置、流送槽和泵等

(2)清洗和原料预处理设备

常用清洗设备包括鼓风式清洗机、空罐清洗机、全自动洗瓶机等

原料预处理设备:

分级机(滚筒式分级机、摆动筛、三辊筒式分级机)、切片机、多功能切片切丝切丁机、打浆机、榨汁机、绞肉机、果蔬去皮机、分离机、斩拌机、真空搅拌机

(3)热加工设备

主要用于原料脱水、抑制或杀灭微生物,排除食品组织中的空气、破坏酶的活力、保持产品的颜色和方便其他工序的操作等。

包括预煮、预热、蒸发浓缩、干燥、排气和杀菌等设备。

热交换器:列管式热交换器、板式热交器、滚筒式杀菌器、夹层锅、连续预煮机、真空浓缩设备(盘管式、中央循环式、升膜式、降膜式、片式、刮板式和外加热式)、排气设备、杀菌设备(卧式杀菌器、常压连续杀菌器)

(4)封罐设备

(5)成品包装机械装备

(6)空罐设备

(7)乳制品设备:夹层锅、奶油分离机、洗瓶机、热交换器、真空浓缩设备和喷雾干燥设备、均质机、甩油机、凝冻机、冰淇淋装杯机

(8)饮料生产设备

(9)其他食品生产设备

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     XI'AN - China's conservation work for the endangered crested ibis (朱鹮) is facing new challenges

, including an increasing death rate due to inbreeding (同系繁殖), and the conflict between the need to

expand natural habitats and local communities' economic interests, bird experts have warned.

     The crested ibis, once widespread in Japan, China, Russia and the Korean Peninsula, almost became

extinct in the first half of the 20th century.

     Before 1981, when seven crested ibis were accidentally found in Yangxian county, in Northwest

China's Shaanxi province, academics thought the species had been extinct in China for almost 17 years.

     Due to the huge effort put into species protection since 1981, the number of crested ibis in China has

risen to an estimated 1,617, including 997 in the wild, the State Forestry Administration said at a meeting

on crested ibis protection in Xi'an on Monday.

     However, although the ibis population exceeds 1,000, the birds are still not free from the threat of

extinction, said Fang Shengguo, director of the State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of

Endangered Wildlife at Zhejiang University.

      Ornithologists used inbreeding in the early stages of protection so that numbers of the precious birds

could increase quickly, but that method had consequences, Fang said.

     "Studies have proved that as a result of inbreeding, crested ibis have the lowest genetic diversity of all

endangered birds," Fang said.

     "It means a high death rate and more physical defects for hatched chicks."

     The government should collect genetic information from all crested ibis and establish a genetic

database as soon as possible, then design a scientific mating plan for the species, Fang said.

So far, about 90 percent of crested ibis live in Shaanxi province, and fewer than 140 ibis live in three zoos

in other parts of the country, including Beijing Zoo, according to Liu Dongping, an assistant researcher at the National Bird Banding Center of China, which is affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Forestry.

     The bird has lost the ability to migrate, he said, adding that if an unexpected natural disaster occurred

in Shaanxi province or an infectious disease spread through the area, the ibis population could be greatly

reduced.

     Experts also warned that the increased population of ibis, whether in the wild or in captivity, requires

a larger and more varied natural habitat.

     Rampant hunting, the massive loss of habitat caused by deforestation and the overuse of pesticides,

which killed aquatic (水生的) insects on which the ibis feed, are believed to be the main reasons for the

sharp reduction in the ibis population before 1981.

     So, in 1983, a State-level natural reserve was set up in Shaanxi province to protect the bird. But the

struggle for living space between human and animal has never stopped, said Lu Baozhong, deputy

director of the Shaanxi Crested Ibis Conservation Station.

     "For example, ibis often look for loaches in farmers' rice fields. Sometimes their claws trample the rice

seedlings. In another case, villagers discovered some land with abundant mineral resources which

happened to be a habitat for ibis," said Lu, who has devoted 30 years to ibis protection.

     A long-term win-win solution for ibis and local communities needs to be developed, one that would

provide ecological compensation for local residents, Lu said.

1.What's the best title for the passage?

A. The Rare Bird in China

B. New Problems for the Crested Ibis

C. The Way to Save the Crested Ibis

D. The Reason for the Crested Ibis's Extinction

2. Which of the following statement is TRUE ?

A. The crested ibis is a native of China.

B. Before 1981, the crested ibis was extinct in China.

C. The crested ibis is now free from the threat of extinction.

D. Most of the crested ibis are in Shaanxi province.

3. Which of the following can best explain the underlined word "Ornithologists"?

A. The persons who study the birds

B. The persons in the State Forestry Administration

C. The persons who keep the birds

D. The persons who kill the birds

4. Why did the experts adopt the way of inbreeding to protect the crested ibis?

A. To increase the death rate.

B. To increase the number of the crested ibis.

C. To get more physical defects for hatched chicks.

D. To have the lowest diversity of the endangered bird.

5. What may be the reason for the reduction in the population of the crested ibis before 1981?

A. inbreeding

B. economic development

C. over hunting

D. sandstorm

6. What can we learn from the passage?

A. Due to our great efforts, the crested ibis lives in the wild well.

B. Scientists will choose a better habitat for the crested ibis.

C. The problems of the crested ibis have not been solved now.

D. The government has established a genetic database of the crested ibis.