问题 综合题

阅读材料,回答下列问题。

材料一  春秋战国时期,铁农具开始使用,耕犁和牛耕技术也随之出现,并首先在黄河中下游地区实行起来,……秦汉以来,随着农业生产发展的需要,耕犁也有所革新,除犁铧是全铁外,还创造了犁壁,从而更有利于深耕和碎土。……唐帝国前期,在耕犁的完善方面有巨大的贡献,这就是曲辕犁(又称江东犁)的出现。它操作起来较为灵活方便,因而特别适于土质粘重、田块较小的江南水田中使用,这对江南地区农耕经济的发展起了不小的作用。                          

----陈文华《农具发展史》

材料二  明清时期人口大幅度增加的过程中,牛耕大量退出,代表唐宋时期先进生产力的江东犁,到明清时已被铁搭所取代。这倒不是因为铁搭有如何的先进性,根本的原因在于铁搭用人,而江东犁用牛。《天工开物·乃粒·稻工》记载“吴郡力田者,以锄代耜,不蓄牛力。会计牛值与水草之资,窃盗死病之变,不若人力之便。”     

----《太湖地区农业史》

材料三  在美国,由于农场规模巨大和缺乏足够的农业劳动力,农业机械的发明得到了促进。取代马匹的拖拉机一天能拉旋转式犁翻耕多达50英亩的土地。联合收割机能自动的收割庄稼、打谷脱粒,甚至能自动的将谷物塞进布袋以供应市场……加拿大的小麦、澳大利亚的羊肉、阿根廷的牛肉和加利福尼亚的水果,可在世界各地的市场中找到。因而农民受农业革命的影响并不亚于工匠受工业革命的影响。                 

——斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

(1)据材料一,概括春秋战国至唐朝时期耕作技术发展的特点。

(2)据材料二和所学知识,指出明清时期江南耕作技术发生了什么变化?其原因有哪些?从春秋战国到明清时期,中国古代农耕技术发展缓慢的根源是什么?

(3)据材料三,分析拖拉机、联合收割机推广的原因和影响。到了近代,西方的农耕技术为什么会领先世界?

答案

(1)特点:耕作技术不断革新;由北方逐步向江南推广。

(2)变化:牛耕大量退出;江东犁被铁搭取代。原因:人口增长快,人地矛盾突出(剩余大量劳动力);养牛成本较高。根源:农耕经济的分散性和封闭性。

(3)原因:农场规模巨大、劳动力缺乏。影响:农产品的形成世界市场。领跑原因:资产阶级革命的成果;工业革命的影响

回答第(1)问时注意关键词“耕犁革新”“ 首先在黄河中下游地区实行”“江南水田中使用”,第(2)问要抓住“铁搭”信息第(3)问的“原因和影响”答案来自材料三,近代史与工业革命相联系。

阅读理解
阅读理解。
      Lucy, Robert and Jenny are studying in Bright High School. Here are their letters to a magazine.
Always wear a seat belt (带)
     I'm writing to tell you and all the readers how a seat belt can save your life. Last week I was
in the back of my mum's car when I noticed that my door was not shut properly. I pushed it
open so that I could shut it hard. But we went round a corner, and I fell through the open door.
I was hanging out of the car above the road. The only thing that kept me in was my seat belt.
Mum heard me screaming and she stopped the car and helped me back in. Although I was very
shocked, I was not badly hurt. So my message is: Always wear a seat belt.
                                                                                                              Lucy Ahmed (13)

Father's Day 
     Next Monday is Father's Day, and this year I want to give my dad a very special present. I
think my dad is the best. He's always there for me when I need his help.
     This summer he ran in the London Marathon to raise money for the poor students in the
country. The Marathon is a very long run, and he hurt his leg when he was only half way. But
he kept going until the end of the run. My brother and I felt very proud of him. If this letter is
printed in the magazine, it will be my special present for him. 
                                                                                                           Robert Brown (14)

Why does my brother say this?
     I can't understand my brother! Our teachers are going to give us a test at school on Monday,
so my brother and I have done some revision (复习) this weekend. But when his friends asks,
"Have you done any work for the test?" He says, "No. I've done nothing." Do all boys do this, or
is it just my brother? I'm not afraid to say I worked hard, so why is he?
                                                                                                                Jenny Bailey (15)
1. What happened to Lucy when the car went round a corner?
[ ]
A. She was hit in a car accident.
B. She fell off the car and got badly hurt.
C. She fell onto the road but didn't get any hurt.
D. She nearly fell down from the car.
2. The underlined word "raise" in Robert's letter means             in English.
[ ]
A. collect
B. lift
C. increase
D. produce
3. What special present does Robert want to give his father?
[ ]
A. He wants to buy his father a magazine.
B. He wants to write a letter to him.
C. He hopes his father can read his letter in the magazine.
D. He wants to help the students in the country schools.
4. From Jenny's letter, we know that            .
[ ]
A. neither Jenny nor her brother has been ready for the test
B. all the boys said they did nothing for the test
C. Jenny thinks she works harder than her brother
D. Jenny's brother didn't tell the truth to his friends
5. According to the letters, which of the following is not true?
[ ]
A. Robert and his brother were proud because their father won the run.
B. Lucy failed to shut the door when they went round a corner.
C. Lucy wants to tell the readers the importance of wearing a seat belt.
D. Robert's father kept on running though he hurt his leg on the half way.
选择题