问题 问答题 简答题

指出下列各概念的区别?

答案

参考答案:(1)弹性变形和塑性变形;

(2)内力和应力;

(3)正应力和剪应力;

(4)危险应力和许用应力。

答案:(1)弹性变形和塑性变形:

固体在外力的作用下发生变形,当外力卸去后固体能消除变形而恢复原状,这种能完全消失的变形称为弹性变形。当外力卸去后,固体能保留部分变形而不恢复原状,这种不能消失而残留下来的变形,称为塑性变形。

(2)内力和应力:

物体在外力作用下将发生变形,即外力迫使物体内各质点的相对位置发生改变,伴随着变形,物体内各质点间将产生抵抗变形,力图恢复原状的互相作用力,这种由于外力作用而引起的“附加内力”通常称为内力。

应力是指工程上所采用的单位面积上的内力,应力表达了物体某截面上内力分布的密集程度。

(3)正应力和剪应力:

正应力:垂直于杆件横截面的应力称为正应力。

剪应力:平行于杆件横截面的应力称为剪应力。

(4)危险应力和许用应力:

危险应力:材料断裂或产生较大的塑性变形时的应力称为危险应力。

许用应力:构件工作时所能承担的最大应力称为许用应力。

多项选择题 A3/A4型题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     If you haven't heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you've probably been

avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered

a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently

if you drive at all.

     While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as

disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907

people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were

caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.

     Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost

nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct.

One suggestion is sheer overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased

by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the

number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of

space; and the problem is magnified in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do.

With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never

been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in

certain situations, can spell Road Rage.

     You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For

instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard an another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations,

watch out!

     Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are

things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced by Road Rage, the key is to

discharge your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver's rage, do everything

possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their

way.

1. The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.  

A. one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them

B. the media coined the term "Road Rage" only a few months ago

C. Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months

D. people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings

2. The underlined word "spell" in Para. 3 means ________.    

A. relieve               

B. cause            

C. spread              

D. prevent

3. Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving?

A. Talking while driving.              

B. Driving at high speed. 

C. Sounding the horn when passing.      

D. Shouting at another driver.

4. The last paragraph is intended to _________.   

A. tell people how to deal with Road Rage 

B. inform people how aggressive drivers could be 

C. show people how to control themselves when angry 

D. warn people against eye contact with another driver