问题 判断题

1840年前后。英国大机器生产已经成为工业生产的主要方式,工业革命完成。此后,法国、美国等国都先后完成了工业革命,世界其他国家或早或晚都完成了工业革命。工业革命创造的巨大生产力,使社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。工业革命以后,资本主义最终战胜了封建主义,率先完成工业革命的西方资本主义国家逐步确立起对世界的统治,世界形成了西方先进、东方落后的局面。

下列结论均是正确的。请你仔细阅读上述材料,如果该结论是从上述材料中得出的,请在括号中划上“√”,否则划上“×”。

(1)英国最先完成工业革命。[ ]

(2)工业革命完成,形成了资产阶级和无产阶级两大对立的阶级。[ ]

(3)工业革命的完成,使资本主义制度最终确立。[ ]

(4)工业革命完成造成了东方国家的落后。[ ]

(5)1840年后,英国完成工业革命,进行了对印度、中国等国的侵略活动。[ ]

答案

(1)√

(2)×

(3)√

(4)√

(5)×

单项选择题

Questions 6-10An article published recently in the prestigious scientific journal Nature is shedding new light on an important, but hitherto little has been appreciated, aspect of human evolution. In this article, Professors Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman suggest that the ability to run was a crucial factor in the development of our species. According to the two scientists, humans possess a number of anatomical features that make them surprisingly good runners. ’We are very confident that p selection for running-which came at the expense of the historical ability to live in trees-was instrumental in the origin of the modern human body form,’ says Bramble, a biology professor at the University of Utah.Traditional thinking up to now has been that the distinctive, upright body form of modern humans has come about as a result of the ability to walk, and that running is simply a by-product of walking. Furthermore, humans have usually been regarded as poor runners compared to such animals as dogs, horses or antelopes. However, this is only true if we consider fast running, or sprinting, over short distances. Even an Olympic athlete can hardly run as fast as a horse can gallop, and can only keep up a top speed for fifteen seconds or so. Horses, antelopes and greyhounds, on the other hand, can run at top speed for several minutes, clearly outperforming us in this respect. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans do astonishingly well. They can maintain a steady pace for miles, and their overall speed compares favourably with that of horses or dogs.Bramble and Lieberman examined twenty-six anatomical features found in humans. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament, a band of tissue that extends from a ridge on the base of the skull to the spine. When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from pitching back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads, held high. The nuchal ligament is not found in any other surviving primates, although the fossil record shows that Homo erectus, an early human species that walked upright, much as we do, also had one. Then there are our Achilles tendons at the backs of our legs, which connect our calf muscles to our heel bones-and which have nothing to do with walking. When we run, these tendons behave like springs, helping to propel us forward. Furthermore, we have low, wide shoulders, virtually disconnected from our skulls, another anatomical adaptation which allows us to run more efficiently. Add to this our light forearms, which swing out of phase with the movement of our legs to assist balance, and one begins to appreciate the point that Bramble and Lieberman are trying to make.But what evolutionary advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners One hypothesis is that this ability may have permitted early humans to obtain food more effectively. ’What these features and fossil facts appear to be telling us is that running evolved in order for our direct ancestors to compete with other carnivores for access to the protein needed to grow the big brains that we enjoy today,’ says Lieberman.

It appears that the nuchal ligament _______.

A.is found only in modern primates

B.enables us to run with steady heads

C.prevents the head from moving

D.is a unique anatomical feature among all species

名词解释